A memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, Assistant Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 1 September 1879.The document is a summary of correspondence, government reports, and published literature relating to the Turkish expedition into El Hassa [Al Hasa] in 1871, and was compiled in light of a proposed comprehensive arrangement with the Porte about the positions of the two powers along the Gulf coast, and policing responsibilities at sea. The correspondence is from the period 1870-1874 and is principally between various British Government departments and offices connected to the region, and the Turkish Government.The Turkish expedition called into question the sovereignty and jurisdiction of much of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the coastline and islands of the Gulf. The correspondence contains discussions of these matters and reflects British fears of a loss of their monopoly over the control and security of the Gulf, and a disruption of the treaty relations they maintained with rulers in Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar], the Trucial Coast, Muscat, and Aden.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.1 file (14 folios)Foliation: the foliation for this description commences at folio 131 and terminates at folio 144, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.Condition: folio 131 is torn along one edge, with some loss of text.
A memorandum, written by Adolphus Warburton Moore, Assistant Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 1 September 1879.The document is a continuation of 'Persian Gulf - Turkish jurisdiction along the Arabian coast (Part I)' (IOR/L/PS/18/B19/1) and broadly addresses the same issues, namely, what to do about Turkish claims to sovereignty along the southern coast of the Gulf that could potentially impinge on Britain's treaty commitments with local rulers and their security responsibilities at sea (the suppression of piracy), and whether to come to some kind of comprehensive arrangement with the Ottoman Government to settle the matter. To support this, the document gives a history of recent affairs in the region, making extensive use of correspondence and memoranda mostly written between 1874 and 1879. The principal correspondents are from the Government of India, the Foreign Office, the India Office, and various political and diplomatic offices in the Persian Gulf, Turkish Arabia, and Constantinople. The matters covered by the document concern events at Bahrein [Bahrain], Guttur [Qatar] - including Zobarah [Al Zubarah], Odeid [al-‘Udaid], and El Bidaa [Doha] - Lahsa [al-Hasa], and the Trucial states.The memorandum concludes by outlining the position of the Foreign Office, the Government of India, and the India Office (represented by the author) on the following four matters:1. The status of Odeid;2. The need to better define areas of responsibility and jurisdiction with the Porte, and whether to hold them responsible for order along the coast under their authority;3. A revision of Britain's treaties with Bahrain, the Trucial chiefs, and Muscat;4. The arrangement of Persian Gulf business between the Bushire Residency and the Baghdad Political Agency.The author quotes extensively from the correspondence and other sources, notes on which are to be found in the margin throughout.1 file (21 folios)Foliation: The foliation for this description commences at folio 148 and terminates at folio 168, as it is part of a larger physical volume; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. The main foliation sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: The volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.
The volume contains letters, telegrams, and memorandums pertaining to Anglo-Turkish negotiations brought on by the Baghdad Railway and particularly the extension to Basra. Correspondents include: Percy Cox, Political Resident at Bushire, William Shakespear, Political Agent at Kuwait, Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Louis Mallet, Assistant Under-secretary of State for Near and Middle Eastern Affairs, Charles Marling, British Ambassador to Persia, Gerard Lowther, British Ambassador to Constantinople, George Buchanan, British Ambassador to Russia, Admiral Edmond Slade, the Board of Trade, the Government of India, the India Office, and several private companies, including Trans-Atlantic Trust Company, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Imperial Ottoman Bank, and Imperial Persian Bank.The form of the negotiations was a series of memorandums containing proposals and counter-proposals. The issues and subjects discussed are:ownership and control of the line;custom duty increases in the region;navigation of the Shatt al-Arab, including the establishment of a commission to oversee this;transport of railway materials by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers;delimitation of the Turkish-Persian border;status and territorial limit of Kuwait;other Gulf matters, including the statuses of Bahrain and Qatar, the suppression of arms traffic, piracy, and slavery, and the protection of pearl fisheries.Folios 261-262 are a map showing the proposed territorial limits of Kuwait.1 volume (268 folios)The volume is arranged chronologically. At the beginning (ff. 3-4) is a subject index, in no particular order but grouped under several broad headings. The numbers refer to folio numbers from the secondary, earlier sequence.Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using circled pencil numbers positioned in the top-right corner of each recto. There are two earlier foliation systems running through parts of the volume. The first uses uncircled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of recto pages, and the top-left corner of verso pages. This foliation system numbers pages if they have content on them, which is the case for all rectos and some versos. This foliation system appears intermittently through most of the volume. The other foliation system uses circled blue pencil numbers in the top-right corner of recto pages, and appears from folios 5 to 42. Numerous printed materials contained in the volume have their own internal pagination systems. The following foliation irregularities occur: 1a, 34a, 51B, 219B, 250B.
The volume contains correspondence, memorandums, maps and newspaper cuttings relating to a proposed Baghdad to Basra railway, an extension of the German Berlin to Baghdad Railway. Correspondents include: Percy Cox, Political Resident at Bushire, William Shakespear, Political Agent at Kuwait, Edward Grey, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Francis Bertie, British Ambassador to France, Louis Mallet, Assistant Under-secretary of State for Near and Middle Eastern Affairs, Arthur Nicolson, Permanent Under-secretary for Foreign Affairs, Gerard Lowther, British Ambassador to Constantinople, George Buchanan, British Ambassador to Russia, Edward Goschen, British Ambassador to Berlin, the Board of Trade, William Graham Greene, Permanent Secretary to the Board of Admiralty, the Government of India, the India Office, and Sheikh Mubarak of Kuwait.The volume covers the discussion over various matters, with numerous draft conventions and agreements sent back and forth between the various governmental offices and departments. Documents relating to Cox's successful attempts to obtain the acceptance of the agreement from Sheikh Khazal of Mohammerah and Sheikh Mubarak of Kuwait are also included. The issues discussed as matters for agreement with Turkey include:the status of Kuwait, including territorial limits and relations with Britain and Ottoman Turkey;the conservancy of the Shatt al-Arab, including the establishment of a Navigation Commission;the ownership and control of the Baghdad Railway and the question of its extension beyond Basra;the boundary between Turkish Arabia and Persia;other Persian Gulf matters such as Turkish power and influence in Katr [Qatar] and Bahrain.Other subjects that feature are Sheikh Mubarak's temporary illness, and reports of the dispatch of Turkish troops to Qatar, contrary to agreements.1 volume (355 folios)The volume is arranged chronologically.Foliation: The volume is foliated from the front cover to the inside back cover, using circled pencil numbers in the top-right corner of recto pages. There is an earlier foliation system that runs through the volume, using pencil numbers in the top-right corner of recto pages, as well as the top-left corner of any verso pages bearing written or printed matter.The following anomalies occur: 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 104b, 278a.The following folios are foldouts: 1 (attached to inside front cover), 14, 15, 25, 46, 66, 82, 83, 89, 92, 125, 126, 208, 218-22, 231, 294, 338, 340.
A printed précis of correspondence on various Persian Gulf subjects, prepared for the Foreign Department of the Government of India, Simla, in July 1911 (Part I) and July 1913 (Part II). The document is divided into two parts. Most subjects relate to Turkish claims to sovereignty in the region, including the presence of Turkish garrisons, and were chosen and prepared because of the negotiations between the British and Turkish authorities connected to the Baghdad Railway plans.Part I (folios 2-35) covers various subjects and is organised into eleven chapters, each devoted to a different topic or geographical area, as follows: Chapter I, British interests in the Persian Gulf, Extent of Arabian littoral; Chapter II, Extent of Hasa and Katif [Qatif], Claims of the Turks to the whole of Eastern Arabia, Extent to which Turkish claims on the Arabian littoral are recognised by His Majesty's government, Proposed arrangement with the Turkish Government defining their sphere of influence on the Arabian littoral; Chapter III, Turkish occupation of El Bida [Doha], Extent of the Katar [Qatar] Peninsula; Chapter IV, Turkish designs on Katar, Policy of His Majesty's Government; Chapter V, Trucial Chiefs (Pirate Coast); Chapter VI, Maskat [Muscat] and Gwadar; Chapter VII, Kuwait; Chapter VIII, Um Kasr [Umm Qasr], Bubiyan and Warba; Chapter IX, Bahrain, Zakhnuniyeh [Zahnūnīyah] and Mohammerah [Korramshahr]; Chapter X, Proposed British action consequent on Turkish aggression; Chapter XI, Pearl fisheries. There are three appendices containing further correspondence relating to the main text.Part II (folios 36-60) relates entirely to the Baghdad Railway and the negotiations between the British and Ottoman authorities that the proposal of the railway initiated. The negotiations covered several matters, including: the political statuses of Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar; the location of the railway's terminus; the ownership of the railway; and the creation of a commission for the improvement of navigation in the Chatt-el-Arab [Shaṭṭ al-‘Arab]. It opens with an introduction of the related issues (folios 37-41) followed by the relative correspondence (folios 42-53). It ends with the draft agreements (folios 53-60) - never ratified - drawn up by the two powers.1 file (60 folios)The document is arranged in two parts. The first part is then divided into chapters, each covering a different topic or geographical location. The correspondence section of the second part is in rough chronological order.Foliation: the sequence commences at the front cover, and terminates at the inside back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio.Pagination: the volume also contains an original printed pagination sequence.Condition: folios 59 and 60 have both been torn in two corners, resulting in the loss of some text.
This file contains correspondence related to the Persian government's claim to sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. The file contains documents that discuss whether or not Bahrain could be considered formally part of the British Empire, translations of a number of newspaper articles concerning the British role in Bahrain, correspondence between British and Persian officials regarding Bahrain's status and correspondence between British officials regarding the size (and status) of the Persian community in the country.The file also contains documents concerning the activities of a Bahraini national named Abdullah Zeera who travelled to Tehran in 1948 and claimed that Bahrainis wanted Persian rule to be re-established in Bahrain.A British Government Memorandum of Bahrain is contained on ff.152-183. The memorandum contains a history of the country from the pre-1783 era until 1946 and details of Britain's involvement in the country. The file also includes a history of the Bahrain islands (ff110-111) prepared by the Foreign Office Research Department.1 file (336 folios)File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.Previously a correspondence file bound by treasury tags, the file's sheets have been unbound and are now loose. Foliation starts with the front cover and continues through to the back cover. Foliation numbers are positioned in the top right hand corner of the recto side , written in pencil and circled. Folios 238, 272, 305 and 324 each have two parts, As and Bs respectively. A secondary foliation system, also written in pencil but not circled, starts on folio 2. This system becomes a pagination system at folio 152 which continues whenever text is present on both sides of the folio. Folios 141A. 141B and 142 are contained within an envelope.
This file contains correspondence between British officials in Bushire, Bahrain and India regarding the Persian government's claim of sovereignty over the island of Bahrain. The broader historical context of Persia's claim to the territory is outlined in detail in the documents.The likelihood of the Persian claim being taken to the League of Nations is discussed as is the alleged role of Russian support in encouraging the Persian government to push their claim.Correspondence regarding Persian 'agitation' and propaganda efforts on the island are also contained in the file, including a translation of an article published in a Persian newspaper criticising Britain and supporting the Persian goverment's claim to Bahrain.1 volume (235 folios)File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.An index of topics covered in the file is contained on folio 2 and uses the uncircled foliation system.Originally a bound correspondence volume, the file's sheets have been unbound and are now loose. Foliation starts on first page with writing (2nd folio in volume). Small encircled numbers in pencil on top right corner of recto. Correspondence in Arabic (f.185-f.187) is foliated on verso. There are two foliation errors: f.108A and f.108B; f.198A and f.198B.The 4 blank pages after f.223 are not foliated. Additional pagination starts with page 1 on f.4. In this system, only pages with writing are counted.
This file contains correspondence and reports regarding the development of the education system in Bahrain.The correspondence is primarily between the Residency in Bushire, the Agency in Bahrain and the British Council in London.The file contains a report regarding the work of C.R.L Adrian-Vallance during his tenure as the Director of Education in Bahrain (November 1939 until July 1941) and correspondence about (and from) Adrian-Vallance’s successor, F.J Wakelin. Wakelin’s contract and expenses details are also enclosed.The file contains correspondence regarding the difficulties of recruiting teachers locally and encouraging teachers from abroad as well as more general discussions about education in the region.The file also contains correspondence between the Agency in Bahrain and the Agency in Muscat regarding the behaviour of six students from Muscat who were enrolled in secondary school in Bahrain and subsequently sent back to Muscat for misbehaviour.1 volume (301 folios)File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.Originally a bound correspondence volume, the file's sheets have been unbound and are now loose. The file's complete foliation sequence is circled in pencil, near the centre, at the top of each folio. It begins on the title page, on number 1, and runs through to 301, ending on the inside of the back cover of the volume. There are several incomplete foliation sequences and one complete sequence in the volume.
The volume contains correspondence relating to banking in Persia, Saudi Arabia, and the Persian Gulf. The majority of the correspondence is between the British Ministry in Tehran, the Government of India, High Commissioner in Iraq (later the British Ambassador), Political Residency in Bushire, the Foreign and Indian Offices in London, Political Agencies in Bahrain and Kuwait, the British Consulates in Shiraz and Bandar Abbas, the British Minister in Jeddah, the British Ambassador in Cairo, employees of the Imperial Bank Persia (later Imperial Bank Iran) and the Eastern Bank, and the Persian Government. Included as enclosures are several newspaper cuttings and transcripts.The documents cover discussions over the Imperial Bank's operations in the region, including growing hostility in an increasingly nationalist Iran and the plans to open a branch in Bahrain. Much of the volume pertains to the work of rival banks in Bahrain and Dhahran in Saudi Arabia. These banks include the Eastern Bank, the Ottoman Bank and the National City Bank.Folio 146 is a map of al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, produced by the California Arabian Standard Oil Company.Folios 191-198 are internal office notes.1 volume (201 folios)The volume is arranged chronologically.Foliation: the sequence commences at the front cover and terminates at the back cover; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled and can be found in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. A second foliation sequence is also present between ff 4-190; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled and can be found in the same position as the main sequence. Circled index numbers in red and blue crayon can also be found throughout the volume. There are the following irregularities: f 33 is followed by f 34a and f 34b.
This file contains correspondence related to the Persian Government's claim to sovereignty over Bahrain. Specifically, the file contains correspondence concerning a (failed) attempt by the Persian Inspector General of Customs to land at Bahrain, discussions as to whether Persia should be allowed to open a consulate in Bahrain, the Persian Government's appeal to the League of Nations in Geneva and broader discussions concerning the history of Bahrain, Persia's claim to it and the composition (and size) of the Persian community in the country.The file contains a number of translations of articles from the Persian press that criticised the British role in Bahrain (and the Gulf more broadly). It also contains a cutting from an article published in London's 'The Evening Standard' (f.113) that attacked Persia's attitude towards the issue.On ff. 188 - 196, the file contains a summary of all the papers then contained in the records of the Government of India that related to the sovereignty of Bahrain from 1819-1870.A report on the composition of the Persian community in Bahrain (written by the Political Agent in Bahrain, Charles Geoffrey Prior) is contained on ff.74 - 78.1 volume (214 folios)File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.Previously a bound correspondence volume, the file's sheets have been unbound and are now loose.The main foliation system starts at the titlepage and ends on the spine of the volume. This sequence is written in pencil and can be found in the top right hand corner of the recto side of each folio, except for when the verso side of folios are numbered as well. In the latter cases they can be found in the top left corner.A second foliation runs between ff.31-196. This sequence is also written in pencil and found in the top right hand corner of the recto side of each folio.Foliation errors: 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D; 2, 2a and 2b; 22, 22a; 85a and 85b; 116a and 116b; 150A and 150B; 177A and 177B. Pagination: f.5, f.7 and f.9 are on the verso side of the preceding folio.
This file contains correspondence between British officials in Bahrain, Bushire, India and London regarding Persian goverment's claim of sovereignty over the territory of Bahrain. The impact of the discovery of oil deposits in Bahrain is discussed as is the broader international reaction to the claim. The file contains translations of several articles published in the Persian press on the topic and a translation of an article that appeared in a Dutch newspaper.A detailed Historical Memorandum of Bahrain compiled by the India Office is contained on ff. 94-118. The memorandum contains a history of Bahrain from the pre-1783 era until 1934 and includes details of the British role in the country, the numerous treaties signed by the Al Khalifa family with the British and a discussion of Turkish (Ottoman) and Persian claims to the territory.1 volume (184 folios)File is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end.A bound correspondence volume. Foliation starts on the first letter page (4th folio in the volume) and finishes on the last letter page (5 folios from end of volume). Pencil number in top right corner of recto. From f 90, an inconsistent pagination system begins. Only pages with typescript are paginated. When both sides have typescript, pagination numbers are found only on even-numbered pages. There are two foliation errors: between f 14 and f 16 we have f 15A and f 15 B; between f 68 and f 70 we have f 69A and f 69B.
This file contains correspondence - primarily between the Political Agency in Bahrain and the Political Residency in Bushire - regarding the relations of Bahrain (and its ruler Shaikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa) with other foreign powers.Topics discussed in the documents include communication between Shaikh Isa and the Ottoman governor of Qateef, rumours that Shaikh Isa had declared himself a subject of Turkey, correspondence regarding Persian claims to Bahrain and concerns of the Persian government regarding the treatment of Persian citizens resident in Bahrain, the activities of a cousin of Shaikh Isa named Shaikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa who travelled without permission to Istanbul and correspondence between Shaikh Isa and the Ottoman governor of Basra.The file also contains copies (and translations) of anti-British articles published in Iranian newspapers and letters between Shaikh Isa and Ottoman officials.1 volume (195 folios)The file is arranged in chronological order, from earliest at beginning of the file to most recent at end. An index of subjects contained in the file is listed on folio 3. The index uses page numbers that refer to the file's foliation system in blue crayon.Previously a bound volume, its sheets have been unbound and are now all loose. Foliation starts on first page of volume. Foliation is in pencil in top right corner of recto. Additional foliation sequences in red and blue crayon are also present in the top right corner. The following foliation errors occur: 1,1A; 110,110A; 173,173A.