This file contains reports and correspondence relating to the mining of iron ore on the island of Abu Musa and Hassan Samayeh's involvements with the Germans. The correspondents include the Political Resident Persian Gulf (Major Percy Cox), Residency Agent Sharjah; Lieutenant-Commander W. Hose, H.M.S.
Redbreast, Bushire; H. Listermann, Consul for the Imperial German Government; Sheikh Sagar bin Khalid, Chief of Sharjah; Foreign Office, Government of India.Topics include:The erection of the Qawasim flag on Abu Musa.Views of the Foreign Office on Abu Musa.German Consul talks with Shaikh of Sharjah about the Wonckhaus company.Informing the German Consul that the Trucial chiefs are under British protection.Provision of guards for Abu Musa.Complaint of Nejef bin Ali against Hassan bin Samaiyeh.Persian claim to the islandThe Trucial chiefs were warned not to grant concessions without consulting the Resident.Wonckhaus agent prevented from landing at Abu Musa and to be allowed to remove all oxide already accumulated.There are many letters in Arabic including letters in Arabic from the German Consul to the Sheikh of Sharjah with translations. Also a hand written letter in English from the German Consul in Bushire to the Political Resident; and a Persian newspaper,
Nedai-e-Watan.1 volume (255 folios)The papers are arranged chronologically from the front to the rear of the file.There are two foliation sequences. The first foliation sequence which should be used for referencing, begins on the first folio of writing, on number 1. After number 3 there is a blank folio, which is not numbered. The sequence then resumes on the next folio, on number 4 and runs through to number 255, which is the last folio of writing. This sequence is written in pencil, in the top right corner of each folio.The second foliation sequence begins on the third folio of writing and runs from number 1 through to number 248A, ending on the last folio of writing. The second sequence is written in blue crayon, in the top right corner of each folio.
Correspondence concerning the transfer of Omani subjects to other nationalities and registration of dhows. The file concerns the request of Musallim bin Juma to be registered under the laws of the East African Protectorate. Correspondents include the Government of India, Foreign Department; Political Agent, Muscat; Political Resident in the Persian Gulf; East African Protectorate Port Office; Sultan Taimur bin Faisal [Taymūr bin Fayṣal]. The file includes printed reports and a certificate to fly the German flag (folio 24).1 volume (97 folios)An index is given in the front of the file.The foliation system in use is the sequence of numbers appearing in a circle in the top right hand corner of each folio. The file also bears a former foliation system comprising uncircled numbers.
Imprint:Berlin, published by Dietrich Reimer and engraved by Heinrich Mahlmann.Edition statement:Third edition; compiled and prepared by Dr. Heinrich Kiepert.5 maps
Die Südarabische Expedition der kaiserlichen academie der wssenschaften in Wien und das vorgehen des Professor Dr. David Heinrich Müller.Author: Dr Carlo Graf Landberg.Publication details: Hermann Lukaschik, München, 1899.Physical Description: xvi. 185 p.; 8º.1 volume (185 pages)Dimensions: 222mm x 145mm.
https://libraries.aub.edu.lb/xtf/data/postcards/ark86073b3q592/thumb.jpg1 photomechanical print (postcard) : color ; 9 x 14 cm.Title from item.Captioned in English, French and German.
Distinctive Features:Relief shown by hachures and spot heights.Title continues: ‘Zu C. Ritter’s Erdkunde, Buch III, West-Asien, Theil XII. Bearbeitet von H. Kiepert, herausgegeben von C. Ritter. Berlin, 1852 Verlag von Dietrich Reimer’.Map of Hedjaz [Hejaz] province showing various routes including the Hajj pilgrimage, Carsten Niebuhr exploration journey, and J.G. Hulton and Charles J. Cruttenden expedition of 1836.In the bottom right-hand corner there is a table of reference listing Arabic geographic terms with German equivalents and abbreviations.Includes two insets:• plan of Mecca entitled ‘Mekka nach Burckhardt’ drawn to scale 1:30,000 with districts numbered and listed in a table of reference; • map of peninsula and the port of Aden entitled ‘Halbinsel und Hafen von Aden’ drawn to scale 1:200,000 with depths shown by contours.1 mapDimensions:491 x 349 mm, on sheet 584 x 476 mm
Distinctive Features:Relief shown by hachures.Title continues: ‘Zu C. Ritter’s Erdkunde, Buch III, West-Asien, Theil XII, XIII; bearbeitet von H. Kiepert, herausgegeben von C. Ritter. Berlin, 1852 Verlag von D. Reimer’.General map of Arabian Peninsula based on Carl Ritter’s ‘Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen’ [Geography in relationship to nature and to the history of humanity] showing various routes across the region including the Hajj pilgrimage, Captain George Forster Sadlier’s expedition of 1819 and George August Wallin‘s journey of 1848. Provinces and regions labelled with boundary coloured for reference.Includes inset map entitled ‘Oman’ showing Maskat [Muscat] with routes traversed by Pierre-Martin-Rémi Aucher-Eloy and James Raymond Wellsted marked. In the bottom right-hand corner there is a table of reference listing Arabic geographic terms with German equivalents and abbreviations.1 mapDimensions:353 x 475 mm, on sheet 742 x 580 mm
Distinctive Features:Relief shown by hachures.Title continues: ‘Zu C. Ritter’s Erdkunde, Buch III, West-Asien, Theil VIII, IX. Bearbeitet von H. Kiepert, herausgegeben von C. Ritter. Berlin, 1852 Verlag von D. Reimer’.Map of Iran showing territorial extent of the Ottoman, the Russian and the British sphere of influence in the region with borders outlined in colour and explained in a key in the bottom left-hand corner below title. Also shows the boundaries between provinces and various routes across the region.1 mapDimensions:462 x 490 mm, on sheet 478 x 584 mm
Pencil and ink sketch map of the island of Abu Mussa [Abū Mūsá]. The island’s coastline is marked in blue pencil. A number of features on the island are marked and annotated in German, including: an Arabic flag; the locations of two mines; an anchorage and loading point; heaps of red oxide. The map was possibly used in conjunction with a letter, from Shaikh Segger bin Kalet [Ṣaqr bin Khālid Āl Qāsimī] to Hage Hassan bin Ali Somey [Haji Hassan bin Ali Samaiyeh] (translation in the enclosing volume, folios 177-178) containing instructions for the collection of red oxide from Abu Mussa by the steamer
Louise.1 mapDimensions:200 x 285 mm.Materials:Pencil and pen on paper.
Genre/Subject Matter:This lithographic print shows objects and utensils in common use in Mecca. The items are drawn from the collection of Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and the illustration was printed by Pieter Willem Marinus Trap, the lithographic printer of the journal
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.The objects are itemised in the list of plates at the beginning of the volume. Each object is identified by a number, which refers to elements in this list. The information in square brackets has been taken from a contemporaneous essay by Snouck Hurgronje entitled ‘Ethnographisches aus Mekka’, which was published in
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, Vol. I, Leiden, 1888.They are as follows:1
Zèmbil(Marktkörbchen) [Market basket. Zigzag-shaped wickerwork palm leaf strips with two handles opposite one another at the centre of the edge, which is secured with braided black wool. These baskets are to be found in various sizes, the larger ones usually have a flat base.]2
Mèknasah(Teppichbesen aus Palmblättern) [Carpet brush; this two-sided bristles of palm leaf are bent towards each other and bound together so that the bristles the brush and the middle-ribbing form the handle.]3
Mekkabbah(Deckel für Schüsseln oder teller, die, mit Speisen gefüllt, von Haus zu Haus oder in die Moschee getragen warden) [Hat-shaped cover. The spiralling wicker-work of palm leaf strips are braided over a thin hoop. Strips of different coloured wool are drawn through the wickerwork near the edge of to form a fringe-like embellishment. In addition, short, narrow strips of silk and wool are affixed by sewing them on near the edge. ‘Would be used to cover a bowl or metal plate when one wants to send such a vessel, filled with food, to friends or neighbours, for example because one cannot accept an invitation to dinner.’]4
Quffah(Körbchen zum Mitnehmen von Speisen) [Cylinder-shaped basket with a covering lid that is attached by means of a cord threaded through two opposite points. Zigzag-shaped wickerwork of palm leaf strips into which short tassels of variously-coloured wool are worked in as embellishment. Children take such baskets of food to school. They also serve to carry dates, bread and the like, which are taken to mosques by the faithful for evening worship during the fasting month to enjoy after sunset as the first refreshment.]5, 5a
Mèrwaẖaj(aus Palmblättstreifen geflochtener Fächer) [Four-sided fan; zigzag-shaped wickerwork of narrow palm leaf strips. As a handle the stem of a palm leaf. The embellishments are formed of squares of numerous, convening holes, irregular six or four-sided in shape.]6
Qubqāb(hölzerner Stelzschuh, in dieser Form von Weibern getragen) [Wooden sandal with flower-deocration in red, yellow and silver and a row of bisected yellow diamonds along the central axis, on a green background. This form of shoe is worn primarily by women, un-coloured
Qubqābsare made use of by both sexes in the bathroom (and privy); because going barefoot is not recommended but leather footwear would be damaged by the running water.]7
Madāsmèkkāwi(mekkanische Sandale) [Mekkan Sandal, the upper side is decorated by rows of gold and silver thread tracery in rows across the transverse strap and yellow, red and green leather straps. Tiny green leather strips wind around the upper end of the peg that rests between the toes. Flaps of black, green, reddish and yellowish wool are attached to the middle of a second, adjacent strap. The name is only used by convention; no less frequently is the
Madāsmèdèniworn. Perhaps the origin of the form survives in the name.]8
Madāsmèdèni(medinensische Sandale; nicht weniger als die vorhergehende Form in Mekka getragen) [Medina Sandal. Almost identical to the previous, except with only one transverse strap with half-heart shaped flaps of variously-coloured wool fabric at the middle of the upper side. The leather peg is [decorated] as in the previous type. The inner part of the upper side of the sole is sewn with golden strips at the front edge. As to the meaning of the name, see above.]9, 10
Kursī’s(Tischchen zum Daraufstellen grosser metallener Teller mit Speisen) [Octagonal table: at each corner the table top meets one of the columnar legs of the table. Below the table top column-like bars at an angle as well as knobs form a grill. Lengths of semi-oval slat are attached to the table top itself, along each edge. The legs, the latticework and the slats are painted in various bright colours, the brown-wooden sheet is unpainted. A large metal plate is places onto such a table; food (e.g. rice with meat) is either directly placed onto it, or in various dishes. Such tables serve also serve to display beautiful copper objects (e.g. cans, Jassen) as showpieces.Rectangular table: a portion of the upper end of the four pillar-shaped legs are painted in various bright colours (marbled), the grill consists simply of vertical columns. Otherwise, apart from in form, identical with the above.]11, 12
Raẖl’s(Lesepulte, resp. aus Holz und aus Palmblattstielen; vorzüglich zu Uebungen im Qurānrecitieren gebraucht) [Lectern of brown wood; both the feet and the desk are formed of a piece each, which are movable due to the hinge at the mid-point of their length. The feet are carved up-to-date, the outer sides of the lectern with carving in base-relief. Used namely by boys learning to recite the Qur’an. Lectern made of palm leaf stalks; the crossbars are inserted through holes in the long bars.]13
Qalaç(lederne Mäklertasche zum Aufnehmen kleiner, dem Dèllāl zum Verkauf übergebener Gegenstände) [Leather trader’s bag. The exterior is decorated with many leather strips, which are brought together to form tassels and cords, and are decorated with strung beads of white metal. At the upper edge of the bag, six leather loops, through which a belt passes, by means of which the bag is closed. In actual fact, for the dealer, who is connected with practically every type of sale, such a bag serves to store small items (jewellery etc.) entrusted to the trader to sell; even when the bag is empty, the trader wears the bag over his shoulder, as a sort of attribute of his trade.]Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXVIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:Lower right corner: ‘ex. coll. auct.’Lower left corner: ‘P.W.M. Trap exc.’1 lithographic printDimensions:250 x 200 mmFormat:1 lithographic printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXVIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This lithographic print shows objects and utensils in common use in Mecca. The items are drawn from the collection of Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and the illustration was printed by Pieter Willem Marinus Trap, the lithographic printer of the journal
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.The objects are itemised in the list of plates at the beginning of the volume. Each object is identified by a number, which refers to elements in this list. The information in square brackets has been taken from a contemporaneous essay by Snouck Hurgronje entitled ‘Ethnographisches aus Mekka’, which was published in
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, Vol. I, Leiden, 1888.They are as follows:1, 2
Schèrbah’s(hölzerne Wasserkrüge) [Wooden, vase-shaped pitcher with lid. The outside is painted in bright colours; the individual colour-bands are interspersed with decorative bands of yellow. The the majority of the decoration is formed by removing the varnish in the form of the intended design, forming a kind of incised decoration. The wide neck is painted green. As regards use, [cf. 1781.b.6/72] the same use for the wooden as for the clay pitchers apples. Note: the wood is actually more than decorative; for that very reason, because they do not cool the water, they are less useful. [Example 2:] Similar to the previous. The bell is larger the inner side of the neck painted red. The decorated is produced in the same way.]3, 4
Barrādijjeh’s(hölzerne Wasserkrüge) [Wooden water pitcher, only slightly narrowing from base to lid, with a very gentle contraction beneath the rim of the opening. Inside the neck a sieve-like sheet in the centre of which a large six-pointed star is cut out. The lid finds its centre in a tall knob, from whose tip and in a ring thereabouts wooden beads are attached to helical springs. Decoration is as in the previous. [Example 4:] Similar to the previous. On the inside of the neck there is a sieve-like punctuated wooden disc attached. Wooden objects such as this are beginning to be discussed, and similarly painted items have been received by the Ethnographic Imperial Museum from Calcutta. The decorations, however, are not incised but rather painted with colours. Extending from the edges, with partly round, partly star-shaped holes. The upper side of the sieve and the inner part of the neck that lies over it are painted red, as well as the concave underside of the lid.]5
H̱uqq(hölzerne Dose zur Aufbewahrung kleiner Gegenstände) [Wooden box with lid whose lower edge is wider than walls of the box. The interior of the boc and the lid are painted a dirty light green. For the safekeeping of small objects of various kinds.]6
Kāsoder
Kāsah(Trinkbecher) [Wooden drinking cup with tapering wall, from top to bottom. Base and inner side red, the external sides various colours, with metallic reflex. Used for drinking water or Sherbet. ]7
H̱uqq(hölzerne Dose) [Spherical box with colourful marbled markings, which are distributed thoughout fields between red and purple coloured bands, which run across the sphere. Although the centre of the belt, a bat-shaped decoration, produced by the scraping away of a portion of the paint. The box opens in the middle.8
Qaçabah(hölzernes Gestell zur Aufnahme eines Wasserkruges) [Wooden frame, used for holding a water pitcher. Between three, diagonally tapering, pillar-like legs, which narrow towards one another at the top, at the base a wooden lattice-work consisting of small knobs and buttons attached between parallel crossbars. Wooden acorns hang from the lower crossbars. On the inner side of the lattice-work a wooden ball is formed, into which a pitcher would rest, when placed there. The upper ends of the legs are attached into holes in the clay underside of the barrel-shaped head, which, at the top, forms into a vase-shape. On the lower edge of the head, are six wooden knobs. Between each pair of legs is a pillar-shaped rod with knob-like protrusions to the right and left of the middle of its length, and with a wooden acorn hanging from the lower end. In the middle of the upper end of the head is an iron eyelet onto which an iron ring and iron hook are attached, by which means the rack is hung onto the wall of a room. Painting etc. can be seen in the illustration. Racks that serve the same purpose, called
mirfa’are placed on the ground and are usually four-footed.]Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:Lower right corner: ‘ex. coll. auct.’Lower left corner: ‘P.W.M. Trap exc.’1 lithographic printDimensions:250 x 198 mmFormat:1 lithographic printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXIX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This lithographic print shows objects and utensils in common use in Mecca. The items are drawn from the collection of Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and the illustration was printed by Pieter Willem Marinus Trap, the lithographic printer of the journal
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.The objects are itemised in the list of plates at the beginning of the volume. Each object is identified by a number, which refers to elements in this list. The information in square brackets has been taken from a contemporaneous essay by Snouck Hurgronje entitled ‘Ethnographisches aus Mekka’, which was published in
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, Vol. I, Leiden, 1888.They are as follows:1
Schèrbah(hölzerner Wasserkrug) [Wooden water pitcher, vase-shaped; the interior of the neck opening red.]2
Rub’ī(hölzerner Wasserkrug) [Wooden water pitcher, vase-shaped; with narrow neck that is less than half as narrow as the above and the interior is red. Bell with metallic reflex.]3
Mèschrab(hölzerner Becher mit Untersatz und Deckel) [Wooden vessel with stand and lid. Interior of the lid and the bowl, as well as the underside of the base painted red. Exterior green marbled. Decoration incised by the same method described previously [cf. 1781.b.6/74]. Used for drinking Sherbet.]4
H̱uqq(Dose mit Deckel) [Wooden box with lid, whose lower edge protrudes over the walls of the box. The interior of the box and lid are painted a dirty light green. Used for keeping small objects of different kinds.]5
Ṯasahoder
Mèschrab(hölzerne Trinkschale) [Wooden drinking cup. Inner side light gray green, the border coloured yellow. Exterior bluw with yellow decorations as described previously [cf. 1781.b.6/74] and two red bands.]6, 7
Findjānund
Ẕarf(hölzerne Kaffeetasse und becherförmige, dazu gehörende Untertasse) [
Findjān: Bedouin coffee saucer. Of yellowish clay with greenish glaze. Similar vessels larger in size serve as butter dishes.
Ẕarf: Coffee cup, light brown wooden saucer, for holding a coffee cup [7] of the same material. The exterior of each well polished.]8
Kātah(kleiner Becher mit Deckel) [Cup with lid of brown, polished wood in the form of a flass. The edges of the cup are edged by a narrow yellow-line. The material is thought to be Aloe wood.]9
Mèschrab(messingene Trinkschüssel; in der Mitte einer Art Pfeiler, von dessen Rande einige messingene Amulete herabhängen) [Brass bowl. From the centre a kind of column rises so that a second, smaller bowl rotates, on the edge of which many small bits of brass (amnulets) hang down. On the inner side of the bowl are engraved characters. Similar in form, (without the amulets) are the cups from which one may drink Zemzem water at the mosque.]10
Schīschah(Wasserpfeife) [Waterpipe consisting of a brass tripod onto which a coconut rests, from which a brass-studded pipe leans out to one side and serves to receive the hose. The coconut is mounted with brass at both ends; the lower end is an upturned cone-shaped tip with a thick knob at the end. With this the pipe rests onto the footpiece. The upper part of the brass coconut, which is connected to the lower part by vertical strips of brass that extend over the wooden, brass-studded tube, out of whose upper end the black,-glazed earthenware head of the pipe is inserted. The hose is made of leather, over which thin copper wire is woven and then covered with wood. To connect the pipe a black, painted wooden tube is secured at one end while the other holds the wooden, mouthpiece.]11 Elf Amulete aus vergoldetem Silbera vier (buchförmige)
Chatmah’szur Aufnahme von Qurānsprüchen usw.b zwei
Heikal’sc zwei
Lōẖ’smit Sprüchene ein
Ischm, zur Aufnahme eines Edelsteines[Eleven silver plated amulets on a silver-gilt chain, wherein eyelets are to be found on the upper edge while small bells hang. There are four instances of two identical shapes, so that in total seven different forms are represented as follows:a four in the in the form of a book with a cover (
Chatmah), actually intended to reveal quotations from the Qur’anb two in roll-form with rounded ends, one of which with a coverc two shield-shaped, one side almost entirely covered with charactersd two half-moons, also covered with characterse an oval container (
Ischm), surely intended to carry gemstonesSuch chains with amulets are usually worn by children, especially during holidays.]12
Subẖah(Rosenkranz aus Perlmutter) [Prayer beads with 100 pea-sized beads of mother of pearl, strung on a silken cord. The division of 2 x 33 and 1 x 34 pearls is achieved by inserting forward-projecting, elongated four-sided pieces of mother of pearl (
imām). At the lower end the handle, a columnar peace of mother of pearl.]Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XLPrinted beneath image, in ink:Lower right corner: ‘ex. coll. auct.’Lower left corner: ‘P.W.M. Trap exc.’1 lithographic printDimensions:250 x 198 mmFormat:1 lithographic printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XL’
Genre/Subject Matter:This lithographic print shows objects and utensils in common use in Mecca. The items are drawn from the collection of Christiaan Snouck Hugronje and the illustration was printed by Pieter Willem Marinus Trap, the lithographic printer of the journal
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.The objects are itemised in the list of plates at the beginning of the volume. Each object is identified by a number, which refers to elements in this list. The information in square brackets has been taken from a contemporaneous essay by Snouck Hurgronje entitled ‘Ethnographisches aus Mekka’, which was published in
Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, Vol. I, Leiden, 1888.They are as follows:1
Ghèllājah(Wasserkrug) [Water pitcher. Made of grey, porous clay with handle and spout; wooden lid. The decoration consists of teeth-like elevations and incised dashes. The vessel is filled from a large, clay barrel, which contains the water reserved for household needs, so that an amount of cool drinking water is always available. From this vessel one pours the water into smaller pitchers and from the latter into drinking vessels. Instead of lids, one probably places a thin white cloth, for the purpose of filtering the poured water.]2
Dōraq(Krug für Zemzemwasser) [Pitcher for Zemzemwater, made of ‘grey porous clay’, with handle. ‘In the mouth of the jug is a plug made of tree fibres, the same type used as a sponge with which to wash the body; here the material is used to filter the holy water. Hundreds of full
Dauraqsare to be found around the mosque and those who serve the Zemzem water pour the water from such pitchers for their customers.’]3, 5, 6
Schèrbah’s(Wasserkrüge) [Vase-shaped pitcher with earthenware cover. Apart from its use as a water pitcher, this vessel is used especially during the months of Ramadan in mosques at the end of a period of fasting. It is also placed before visitors to the mosque alongside a jug of Zemzem water and contains chilled water, into which fruits, especially Mulberries, are placed, so that the water tastes the same.]4
Ibrīq(Wasserkanne für Ablutionen) [Made of grey, porous clay. Ribs around the bell. Handle and spout. The
Ibrīqis filled with water and used for the purpose of ritual washing and cleaning after performing natural needs. The
Ibrīqis sometimes also made used for washing the hands after eating, for which most often a copper
Ibrīqand bowl are used.]7
Qullah(Wasserkrug) [Vase-shaped water-pitcher. Made of similar material to the
Ibrīq(grey, porous clay), decoration similar to that found on the
Ghèllājah; also, on the neck and on the upper half of the walls of the bell, oblique and vertical deep incisions. Wooden lid.]8
Rub’ī(Wasserkrug ; die Form gilt als specifisch mekkanisch) [Vase-shaped water-pitcher with two opposing handles at the junction between the neck and the bell. Wooden lid, which ends in a long, round spigot that fits into the neck of the pitcher.]9
Kānūn(Kohlenfass aus Thon; dient als tragbarer Ofen) [Coal-barrel, made from red clay on three, even legs, that join at a bowl-shaped, round foot. The exterior is painted in various colours but not glazed. The shape on the whole is irregular. These and similar vessels serves as portable stoves for cooking food outside the actual kitchen, where brick kilns are used.]10
Mènqèl(irdenes Becken zum Vorbrennen von wohlriechendem Holz) [Cup-shaped, earthenware basins. The round base is hollowed out from below, the sides painted in different colours, though not glazed. Used for burning grafrant wood, such as aloe or for smoking the
Qafalthat is used for drinking water; one holds the empty drinking jug upside over it before filling. Clothes or even the whole body can be smoked over it.]11, 12
Schèrbah’s(Kaffeekrüge der Beduinen) [Bedouin coffee pitcher. With a wide base, high, narrow neck and handle. Material: reddish clay, coloured on the outside reddish-brown, though not glazed with ornamentation in blackish grey-brown colour. Neck-opening with spout.]13
Findjān(Kafeenäpfchen der Beduinen) [Bedouin coffee saucer. Of yellowish clay with greenish glaze. Similar vessels larger in size serve as butter dishes.]14, 15
Muschṯẖaqqèr-
ridjālund
M. ẖaqq el-ẖarīm(Männer- und Frauenkamm) [Man’s comb. The top edge with transverse grooves. The material is sold under the name of ‘sandalwood’. Woman’s comb. On each side there is a hole for the fingers. Grooved pattern along the middle of the comb. The material is sold as aloe wood, but is usually only perfumed.]16
Medakk(hölzernes Einziehestäbchen, womit die
Dikkehin die Koulisse der Beinkleider gebracht wird) [Wooden feeding-stick. Painted in bright colours with a hole at the upper end. The ‘
Dikkèh’ (the [waist-]band with which the trousers are pulled together at the middle of the body and fastened) is threaded through this hole and in this way the ‘
Dikkèh’ is in turn threaded into the
Koulisse(Bêt èd-dikkèh) or sliding seam.]17
Mibcharah(Weihrauchbecken) [Made from brass with a lid, which pivots from a hinge on the handle itself. The lid has six round holes. The base is hollowed out. Such vessels with burning incense are held up for the departing guests with which to smoke the hands upon bidding farewell. ]18
Merassch(Vase zum Besprengen mit Rosenwasser) [Vase made of frosted glass (Bohemian in style) with long, thin neck and decorated with gold. In the mouth of the vase is a glass pipe which is secured by means of a screw thread. Used for sprinkling departing guests with rosewater.]19
Qèdaẖ(hölzerne Trinkschale) [Drinking bowl of brown wood. Decoration consists of pins of soft, white metal driven into [the outside]. Near to the edge a row of brass pins with large, round heads, such as those found in the centre of the base on the inside. Meccans drink out of such bowls often, in so far as they don’t pay homage to the ‘new style’ of glass dishes.]The number ‘19’ appears erroneously adjacent to two of the objects, at right and left, while ‘9’ is omitted. A note at the foot of the itemised list of plates explains that the ‘19’ on the left is an error and should refer to number ‘9’.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXVIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:Lower right corner: ‘ex. coll. auct.’Lower left corner: ‘P.W.M. Trap exc.’1 lithographic printDimensions:250 x 200 mmFormat:1 lithographic printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXVII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length standing portrait shows two young sons of the Banī Shaybah family, gatekeepers of the Caaba.The two boys stand side-by-side in matching light-coloured outer robes, which are embroidered at the lapels; under their outer robes each of the boys wears a patterned
jalabiya. These garments appear to be cut from the same cloth, except that the pattern is inverted.The boy on the left wears a pale-coloured turban but the boy on the right wears a keffiyeh held in place by an agal.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background appears to have been substituted.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Kinder aus der Familie der Benī Schēbah (Thorhüter der Ka’bah).'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:131 x 93 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIV’
ImprintHaag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1888Genre/Subject Matter:The volume contains 65 collotype prints (pasted on paper), 5 photolithographs, 4 lithographs and 1 other image. The majority of these – particularly the latter half of the volume – are group portraits of pilgrims en route to Mecca.These photographs were taken evidently in the same courtyard-like space, either at Jeddah or Mecca, where Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje was based from 1884. Although not clearly anthropometric, some of these images can be classified as ethnographic portraits.Other scenes are taken at Mecca and include some photolithographic reproductions of photographs that may have been taken by Muḥammad Ṣādiq Bey (1822 or 1823–1902 or 1903), an Egyptian army engineer who took the first photographs of Medina in 1861 and Mecca in 1880-81, whose photographic prints Hurgronje was aware of and may indeed have collected.Still more photographs may have been taken by al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār, Hurgronje’s working partner during his time in Mecca, and possibly sent to Hurgronje after his departure from the Arabian Peninsula in 1885.Finally, the print attributed to Siegfried Langer (1781.b.6/60) is not likely to have been taken by Langer, rather, according to Durkje van Der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885 (Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 40), the studio portrait was purchased and presented to Snouck Hurgronje.Elements1 Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt2 Die Moschee3 Die Ka’bah4 Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebäude).5 Othman Pascha mit dem egyptischen Maẖmal.6 Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache (links im Hintergrund èç Çafa).7 ‘Aun èr-Rafīq, Grossscherif von Mekka (1882– ).8 Othman Pascha, 1882–86 Generalgouverneur des H̱idjāz.9 Thorhüter der Ka’bah.10 Vornehmer indischer Kaufmann und türkische Beambte in Mekka.11 Vornehmner Kaufmann mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven.12 Muhammad Abd-èl-‘Azīz, Sohn des reg. Grossscherifs13 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.14 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.15 Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs.16 Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka.17 Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka.18 Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste).19 Kātib (Schreiber) des Grossscherifs.20 Mekkanischer Arzt.21 Sohn des Arztes.22 Kinder aus der Familie der Benī Schēbah (Thorhüter der Ka’bah).23 Sèjjid in Mekka.24 Mekkaner.25 Kaufleute (Mekka und Djiddah).26 Ali Rèjjis (aus einem Geschlechte von Obersten der Mu’èddin, welches von Abdallah ibn Zubair herstammen soll).27 Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste).28 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.29 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.30 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.31 Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.32 Ein Stück der Kiswah (der brokanten Bekleidung der Ka’bah). ¼ der Originalgrösse.33 Negersklaven mit dem Ṯúmburah-orchester.34 Pilger aus Sukapura (Java).35 Buginesische Pilger (Celébes).36 Pilger aus Solok (Sumátra).37 Pilgerin aus Banten (Java).38 Pilger aus Baçrah.39 Pilger aus Baẖrain; in der Mitte ein Schēch aus Kabul.40 Pilger aus Zanzibar.41 Pilger aus Baghdad.42 Pilger aus Mandar (Celébes).43 Pilger aus Sumbáwa.44 Pilger aus Djapára (Java).45 Pilger aus Malang und Pasurúan (Java).46 Bettelnde Pilger aus Jèmèn.47 Pilger aus Marokko.48 Indischer Pilger.49 Derwische aus Buchara.50 Haupt der Schēche für malaiische Pilger.51 Schēch für malaiische Pilger.52 Pilger aus Moko-moko und Indrapura. (West-Sumátra.)53 Pilger aus Edi. (Nord- Sumátra.)54 Schēch der Bootsleute in Djiddah mit drei Zunftgenossen.55 Süssigkeitskrämer (Djiddah).56 Ausrufer und Mäkler (Djiddah).57 Mekkanerinn.58 Lohndiener und Eunuch mit dem Kinde seines Herrn.59 Mekkanerinn im Brautanzug.60 Damen in Haus- und Strassentoilette (Djiddah). Aufnahme von Siegfried Langer.61 Pilger aus Selahar (vulgo Saleyar).62 Pilger aus Pontianak (West-Borneo); links ein dort ansässiger Araber aus H̱adhramaut.63 Pilger aus Sambas (Borneo); hinter den Pilgern steht der Wakīl (Bevollmächtigte) des Schēchs.64 Pilger aus Martapura (Süd-Borneo).65 Pilger aus Ambon, Kei und Banda; links der Sohn eines Ambonesen mit einer Mekkanerinn.66 Pilger aus Batjan (Molukken); Sohn des Sultans, Oheim des Prinzen und ein Priester.67 Pilger aus Ternate.68 Pilger aus Palembang.69 Pilger aus Korintji (Sumátra); der hinter ihnen sitzende Schēch stammt auch aus Korintji.70 Pilger aus Mandaïling (Sumátra).71 Pilger aus Gross-Atjeh mit zwei “Wakīl’s”.72 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.73 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.74 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.75 In Mekka gebräuchliche Gegenstände.InscriptionsFront fly leaf, in pencil: ‘1781.b.6’ ‘Text 10077L4’Rear fly leaf, in pencil: ‘1781.b.6’1 three-quarter leather, published volume (c. 82 pages), illustrated with 65 collotype prints, 5 photolithographs, 4 lithographs and 1 other image
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length portrait shows a man, described as a ‘member of a shereef family’, i.e. a descendant of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima. He faces forward, looking toward the camera.The man wears a mid-coloured outer-robe over a pale-coloured robe with a large janbiya held at his waist with a dark-coloured sash. His mid-coloured keffiyeh is held in place by an agal.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background has been substituted completely and the pattern in the carpet on which he stands has been reinscribed.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIA circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:128 x 95 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length portrait shows two men, described as ‘members of various shereef families,' i.e. a descendant of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima.They face slightly left, looking forward.Both men wear dark-coloured outer-robes over a pale-coloured robes, open at the neck. Each wears a large janbiya held at his waist with a dark-coloured sash. On their heads they wear pale-coloured turbans and they each hold the handle of an umbrella or parasol in their right hands: that of the man on the right is pale-coloured while that of the man on the left is dark-coloured.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIA circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:127 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait shows two men, described in the title as ‘members of various shereef families,' i.e. descendants of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima. They face slightly to the left, looking forward.The man on the right wears a dark-coloured robe, a pale-coloured, tasselled keffiyeh held in place by a dark-coloured agal and sandals. At his waist a janbiya can be seen emerging from his robes and he wears a ring on his little finger.The man on the left wears a pale-coloured outer-robe that is heavily embellished, perhaps embroidered, along the lapels over a white robe. On his head he wears a white turban with a dark-coloured cap. He wears polished leather shoes and he, too, wears a janbiya, which emerges from under his robe at the waist.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background has been substituted, though the mat on which they are seated remains.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIA circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:127 x 95 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait shows a man, described as a ‘member of a shereef family’, i.e. a descendant of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima. He faces slightly left and looks forward.The man wears a dark-coloured outer-robe over a pale-coloured robe, open at the neck. A large janbiya is held at his waist. His keffiyeh is held in place by a dark-coloured agal.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIA circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:127 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a young man shows the son of the doctor shown in 1781.b.6/20, likely the photographer al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār, who collaborated with the photographer Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.He wears a plain, dark-coloured outer robe over a patterned jalabiya, with a pale-coloured turban on his head. In his right hand the man grips the handle of a light-coloured umbrella or parasol. On his feet he wears shoes featuring an ornate buckle.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the man’s feet have been over-drawn due to overexposure at the lower left corner of the photograph.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Sohn des Arztes.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:132 x 972 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length standing portrait shows a very young boy, described in the title as a nephew of the Grand Scharīf. The boy faces to his left but looks towards the camera. His right hand holds the sash at his waist, which in turn holds a ceremonial janbiya in place.He wears a loose-fitting robe with a thin sash across his left shoulder and a turban on his head.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in many places. The original background has been substituted completely, except for the carpet the child stands on.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 93 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length standing portrait shows a very young boy, described in the title as a nephew of the Grand Scharīf. The boy faces forward towards the camera.A complicated sash, buckle and series of draped fabric or metal chains cover the boy’s chest and torso. He wears a dark-coloured hat with a light-coloured or silver circular motif at the front.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. The original background has been substituted completely.See also 1781.b.6/14Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 94 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length standing portrait shows a very young boy, described in the title as a nephew of the Grand Scharīf. The boy faces forward towards the camera.A complicated sash, buckle and series of draped fabric or metal chains cover the boy's chest and torso. He wears a dark-coloured hat with a light-coloured or silver circular motif at the front.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. The original background has been substituted completely, except for the white sheet the child stands on.See also 1781.b.6/15Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Neffe des reg. Grossscherifs’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 94 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This street view outside the ‘Hamidiyah’, a two-storey building, described in the title as a government building constructed by Governor General Othman Pascha (cf. 1781.b.6/6; 1781.b.6/8), features many individuals in the foreground as well as a further multi-storeyed building on the right of the image. Awnings at the ground-floor level of the building on the right indicate that these may have been storefronts.The subject of this photograph is probably the same building identified in the drawing of a view inside the Masjid al-Haram (1781.b.6/2) as ‘front-side of the Hamidiyah’, indicating that the building – and therefore the viewpoint in this photograph – was probably situated south of the mosque.The style of the building is neo-classical with domed arches at the main portico as well as long square-shuttered windows on both floors. It was likely constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876–1909) and was therefore relatively new at the time that this photograph was taken. To each side of the main entrance are iron railings and two gas-lamps.The negative has had hand-work applied, creating a drawing-like quality.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die H̱amīdijjah (von Othman Pascha erbautes Regierungsgebäude).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 photographic print
Genre/Subject Matter:This west-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and, behind it, the sacred mountain Jebel Abu Qubays (1220 ft / 460 m), which overlooks the Masjid al-Haram to the east. At the summit stands a squat, apparently unfinished structure which later became the Bilal mosque, according to later photographs, for example Photo 174/5 (
c.1907).The buildings that line the foothills of Abu Qubays, feature distinctive Ottoman-era architectural features, such as a
roshan(known elsewhere as mashrabiyya, or enclosed balcony), which are almost unchanged almost twenty years later in the same view by the Delhi-based photographers H. A. Mirza & Sons (Photo 174/5).Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Ka’bah.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.Temporal Context:This photograph was likely taken by the Egyptian photographer, army engineer and surveyor Muhammad S̱ādiq Bey (1832-1902). The attribution is claimed by Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 40. As such the picture is likely to date to his 1881 visit to the city. How Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje acquired the image is unknown.1 photographic printDimensions:169 x 210 mmFormat:1 photographic print pasted into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with one minor surface loss in the lower portion of the image.Foliation:‘III’
Genre/Subject MatterThis panoramic view over Mecca showing most of the Masjid al-Haram and the northwest portion of the city is likely a print of a drawing after a photograph or series of photographs of the same view by the Mekkan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār.Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Office of the Qādhi; Castle on Jebel Hindi; Building housing the Zamzam well; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; and Maqām al-H̱anbalī.An additional note in German states that ‘the steps to the Caaba and the Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’, are obscured from view by the Zamzam building.'InscriptionsPrinted above image, in ink:IPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Moschee und der nordwestliche Theil der Stadt.’‘1. Amt des Qādhī’s. 2. Festung auf dem Djèbèl Hindī. 3. Gebäude des Zemzembrunnens. 7. Mimbar (Kanzel). 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. Die Treppen zur Ka’bah und der Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī) sind hier durch das Zemzemgebäude dem Auge entzogen.’Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–3; 7–101 print (possibly lithographic) of a drawing after a photographDimensions:164 x 410 mmFormat:1 line engraving after a photograph, printed onto two pages and bound into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.Foliation:‘I’
Genre/Subject Matter:This south-southwest view inside the Masjid al-Haram of the Caaba and surrounding structures is a print of a drawing after a photograph of the same view by the Meccan photographer, and doctor, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār. This photograph, in the collection of the Universiteit Leiden's Oriental Institute, is reproduced as Fig. 14 in F. E. Peters,
The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.In the left background, a fortified structure can be seen. This is identified as ‘Jiyad Castle’. Some Ottoman-era buildings can be seen in the nearer background, immediately outside of the mosque, including a large pale-coloured building almost immediately below the castle. This is referred to as the Hamidiyah and is likely a building constructed during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II.Numbers printed within the image refer to locations indicated in a key (in German) below the image. These are as follows: Gate of the Banī Shaybah; The Hijr [Ismail]; Building housing the Zamzam well; Stairs to the Caaba; Maqām Ibrahīm, which is also the Maqām el-Schāfi’ī’; Minbar; Maqām al-H̱anafī; Maqām al-Mālikī; Maqām al-H̱anbalī; front-side of the Hamidiyah.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die Moschee.’‘1. Das Thor der Benī Schēbah. 2. Das H̱idjr. 3. Gebäudes Zemzembrunnens. 4 und 5. Treppen zur Ka’bah. 6. Maqām Ibrāhīm (zugleich Maqām ès-Schāfi’ī). 7. Mimbar (Kanzel) 8. Maqām èl-H̱anafī. 9. Maqām èl-Mālikī. 10. Maqām èl-H̱ambalī. 11. Vorderseite der H̱amīdijjah. 12. Die Festung des Djijād.’Scattered throughout image: numbers 1–121 print (possibly lithographic) of a drawing after a photographDimensions:199 x 260 mmFormat:1 print of a drawing after a photograph, bound into volumeCondition:The print is in good condition with only minor surface dirt throughout.Foliation:‘II’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows a Meccan woman in bridal attire. She faces forward and looks towards the camera, both her hands held up, palms facing forwards on each side of her body.The most prominent features of the woman’s attire are her imposing headdress and embroidered bib or collar-like piece, which extends from the neck to a width in excess of the woman’s body and then towards her thighs. The piece appears to be made from twisted and embroidered fabrics as well as chains of coins. Two long plaits extend from her neck downwards across this piece before being woven into longer metal wands, appearing to extend the natural length of the hair. A bell is at the end of each. The woman’s robe is likely made of embroidered silk and she wears two thick anklets about her ankles. Tattooed or painted arches extend from the bridge of her nose upwards along her brow bone and down again to her outer brows.The woman is seated on a cushion-strewn seat or divan, covered in a monochrome printed fabric, featuring trees and shrubbery. Beading and an overlapping edge is visible on the upright part of the seat.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Mekkanerin im Brautanzug.'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:136 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows a woman from Mecca. She sits face forward, looking towards the camera.She wears a pale-coloured shirt with decorative details at the cuffs, which is pulled up at the elbows. Around her shoulders and across her lap a translucent black gauze shawl is slung. Underneath this she wears vertically striped trousers. Her headdress is of printed or embroidered material. She wears rings on the little finger of her left hand and on the ring finger of her right hand .The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, except for the carpet on which her chair stands.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Mekkanerin’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:137 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows a bearded, described as a ‘sweet seller (Djiddah [Jeddah])’. The man stands face forward, looking towards the camera. He holds two corners of a rectangular tray which rests on a three-legged wooden table, made of bound branches.Many sticks topped with bird-like and other shapes stand perpendicular from the tray. A pile of wider stalks can be seen on the left of the tray. One or both of these may be
miswakstalks (Plural:
masawik), which are traditionally chewed to sweeten the breath prior to praying.The man wears a white, button-up
thawbrolled up at the elbows over white trousers and a white headdress. He has one prominent bandage on his left foot.The man is photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Süssigkeitskrämer (Djiddah).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:144 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIV’
Persien. Das Land und seine Bewohner. Ethnographische Schilderungen.Author: Jakob Eduard Polak.Publication details: Leipzig: F U Brodhaus.Physical Description: part I of two; octavo.1 volume (389 pages)This volume contains a table of contents giving chapter headings and page references. Each chapter heading is followed by a detailed breakdown of the contents of that chapter.Dimensions: 210mm x 125mm
Genre/Subject Matter:This group portrait shows a merchant, likely a Meccan, described in the title as the representative of the Grand Scharīf, and his Circassian slave.Both men wear embroidered or printed robes; while the man on the left’s outer robe is made of plain cloth, the merchant’s outer robe is made of material printed with a recurring, perhaps floral pattern and what appear to be embroidered lapels. He carries a string of beads in his right hand and wears a light-coloured turban. The man described as a slave wears a fez.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places, particularly in the face of the merchant. The original background has been substituted completely.Temporal ContextThe photograph was taken between March 1886 and February 1887, according to Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 36. This attribution is based on unpublished correspondence in the Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Archive, University of Leiden Library.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Vornehmer Kaufmann (Bevollmächtigter des Grossscherifs) mit seinem cirkassischen Sklaven.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:249 x 185 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This group portrait shows an Indian merchant and three Turkish officials as well as a young boy. The title notes that the Indian merchant is ‘distinguished’ or ‘noble’.While two of the men – seated at left and standing at left – each wear a janbiya at their waist under their outer robes, the man seated second from right holds a sword in its scabbard.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, aside from elements of the rug on which they are standing and seated.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Vornehmer indischer Kaufmann und türkische Beamte in Mekka.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:183 x 247 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘X’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait of two men shows two traders, from Mecca and Jeddah. Both face forward, looking towards the camera.The man on the left wears a medium-tone outer robe over a striped robe with a white turban. The man on the right wears a white outer robe over a buttoned inner jacket and a white turban.The two men are seated in what appears to be a courtyard space, with plants visible behind them.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the part of the face of the man on the right that is shaded has been reinscribed.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Kaufleute (Mekka und Djiddah)'.A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:128 x 90 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows a bearded Indian pilgrim. He sits face forward, looking towards the camera.The man wears a full-length dark-coloured robe with a white undershirt visible on the left-hand side of his chest. He wears a light-coloured patterned skull cap and holds a walking stick in his clasped hands.The man is photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Indischer Pilger.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:138 x 97 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows a woman, described as a [Muslim] pilgrim from Banten, the westernmost province on the island of Java. She sits face forward, looking towards the camera.The woman is dressed in white hijab, which covers her from head to foot. Her head piece is particularly wide and is shaped like an inverse-boat. On her feet she wears embellished slippers and she appears to be holding a printed cloth or handkerchief in her left hand.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background has been substituted completely, and the ground to the right of her leg seems to be entirely reinscribed.Temporal Context:The photograph was taken between 7 and 17 November 1884, according to Durkje van der Wal in his publication Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 36. This attribution is based on unpublished diaries and correspondence in the Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Archive, University of Leiden Library.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilgerin aus Banten (Java).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the right left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:139 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two [Muslim] Buginese pilgrims from Sulawesi, an island in Indonesia formerly known as Celebes.The man on the right wears a mid-coloured robe or jacket and sarong, which may be a form of teluk beskap, over an embroidered waistcoat. He wears a printed turban on his head and sandals on his feet. The man on the left wears a jacket and checked sarong, which may be a teluk beskap, as well as a turban on his head.The two men are seated on chairs in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Buginesische Pilger (Celébes).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype print
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows four pilgrims from Aceh, Indonesia with two ‘wakeels’, presumably the men standing in the background. They all face forward, looking towards the camera.The man on the right wears a white open shirt, dark-coloured trousers, sandals and a dark coloured fez-like hat. The standing man second from right wears a white turban and
thawbwith a sash at his waist, a mid-coloured waistcoat and a shawl slung over his left shoulder. The seated man third from right wears a striped waistcoat over a white
thawb, checked trousers and a white shawl slung over his left shoulder. The seated man third from left wears a white shirt, dark-coloured trousers and a white turban. The standing man second from left wears a white
thawb, turban and patterned waistcoat. The man at left wears a white
thawb, dark-coloured waistcoat, checked shawl and mid-coloured turban.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots and barrels – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXVIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Gross-Atjeh mit zwei „Wakil’s.“’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:188 x 235 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows five pilgrims from Ambon, the Kei (Kai) Islands and Banda (perhaps in Aceh province) in Indonesia as well as a Meccan woman. The men face forward, looking towards the camera, while the woman averts her eyes.From right to left the men wear: a white
thawb, dark waistcoat with a metal hoop hanging from the right side and patterned turban; a white turban, dark jacket and white
thawbover checked sarong; a white
thawbover white trousers and dark turban; a white
thawbover white trousers and patterned turban; a white jacket over a checked sarong and white trousers. The man to the far left, the man second from right and the man third from right hold pieces of paper or booklets in their hands. The man second from left holds a scroll in his left hand as well as a dark-coloured umbrella. The man second from right, too, holds a dark umbrella.The Meccan woman wears a mid-coloured dress, perhaps of silk, with white decorative cuffs, with a white striped waistcoat over it and a patterned turban. The waistcoat appears to have two metal hoops on either side of her waist sewn into it. On her feet she wears shoes. The group are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Pilger aus Ambon, Kei und Banda. links der Sohn eines Ambonesen mit einer Mekkanerin.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:196 x 247 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two men, described as pilgrims from Edi (Idi Rayeuk, a town in Aceh Province, Indonesia). They are seated face forward, looking towards the camera.The man on the right wears light-coloured trousers, a sleeveless embroidered shirt, open at the neck, a striped turban and sandals. He holds another piece of striped cloth across his lap. The man on the left wears a pale-coloured shirt, sleeves rolled up at the elbows, over mid-coloured trouasers and a dark-coloured skull cap. The two men sit on foldable chairs.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, except for the ground on which their chairs stand.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Edi. (Nord- Sumátra.)’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:139 x 103 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from Bahrain, as well as a sheikh from Kabul in Afghanistan. They sit face forward, looking towards the camera, except for the man on the right, who faces slightly to his left and sits on a folding metal chair.The man on the right is dressed in an outer robe over a pale-coloured
thawb, a dark-coloured headdress and leather shoes. The moustached man at centre, identified as the sheikh from Kabul, wears a dark-coloured outer robe over a white shirt held by a sash at the waist, a white turban and sandals. The man on the left wears a mid-coloured outer robe about his shoulders and knees, a pale-coloured
thawbor shirt and a patterned headdress/turban. He appears to be blind or partially sighted in his left eye.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places, in particular, the shirt of the man at centre.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Baẖrain; in der Mitte ein Schēch aus Kabul.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:104 x 138 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from Baçrah (latterly Basra or Basrah), in modern-day Iraq. They sit facing the camera.The man on the right is dressed in a vertically striped robe with a sash at his waist and a turban of printed material on his head. The man in the middle wears a predominantly white checked robe with a mid-coloured outer robe open over it, a sash at his waist and a printed turban on his head. He holds a pen-shaped object in his right hand. The man on the left wears a dark-outer robe over several other layers of clothing. His head is covered by a keffiyeh (or ghutrah) held in place by an
agalmade of twisted cloth. In his left hand the man holds a pen-shaped object, spherically shaped at one end.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Baçrah.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:103 x 138 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows a bearded man, described as a pilgrim from Morocco. He sits face forward, looking towards the camera.The man wears a full-length white robe held at the waist with a dark sash, a white turban and shoes.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Marokko.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:139 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from the island of Batjan (Bacan) in the Molucca Sea, Indonesia. One is described as the son of the Sultan, another the uncle of the prince and the third ‘a priest’. The men face forward, looking towards the camera.The man on the right wears a white
thawbheld at a sash at the waist, a mid-coloured jacket, white turban bad shoes. He holds a dark-coloured umbrella in his left hand and a handkerchief in his right. The man at centre wears a white
thawband white trousers, a white turban, dark-coloured jacket, decorated at the hem and leather shoes. He wears a ring on the ring finger of his right hand. The man on the left wears a dark coloured outer robe over a white
thawb, a white turban and sandals.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Pilger aus Batjan (Molukken) Sohn des Sultans, Oheim des Prinzen und ein Priester.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:195 x 245 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows four pilgrims from Palembang, the capital city of South Sumatra province in Indonesia. They squat face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera.The man on the right wears a white robe, turban and sandals. The man right of centre wears a white jacket over a white robe, a dark-coloured turban and sandals. The man left of centre wears a white shirt, pale-coloured trousers, a white turban and sandals. The man on the left wears a mid-coloured
thawba dark-coloured turban and sandals.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Palembang.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:190 x 245 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two pilgrims from Baghdad. They sit face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera.The man on the right is dressed in a mid-coloured outer robe and a fez-like hat. The man on the left wears a thawb open at the chest or wide-legged trousers. Over his shoulders is a woven striped shawl, possibly a keffiyeh and on his head is a patterned turban. He is barefoot.The two men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background and a dark-coloured sheet hanging loosely behind them.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Baghdad.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:97 x 135 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows four pilgrims from Pontianak, the capital of Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo. The man on the left is described as an Arab from Ḥaḍramawt who is based in Pontianak. They sit face forward on foldable chairs, looking towards the camera.The man on the far right wears a waistcoat over a white mid-coloured shirt or
thawb, trousers, sandals and a patterned turban. The man right of centre wears a white
thawbover sandals and a patterned turban. He holds a scroll of paper in his hands. The man left of centre wears a button-up waistcoat over a white
thawb, sandals and a patterned turban. The man on the far left wears a white
thawb, turban and sandals. He holds two scrolls of paper in his left hand and wears a ring on the middle finger of his right hand.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Pontianak (West Borneo) links ein dort ansässiger Araber aus H̱adhramaut.’1 collotype printDimensions:193 x 228 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXVII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows four pilgrims from the Ternate Sultanate, an island in the Maluku Islands that is part of latter-day Indonesia. The men face forward, looking towards the camera. The two at centre are seated while the other two squat either side of their chairs.The man on the right wears a white jacket and sarong over a button-up waistcoat, a white turban and a ring on the little finger of his right hand. The man right of centre wears a white jacket over a printed or embroidered button-up waistcoat, white sarong, trousers and turban, leather shoes and a ring on the little finger of his right hand. The man left of centre wears a white
thawbunder a printed or embroidered button-up waistcoat (identical to the man on his left), sandals, white trousers and turban, and a ring on the little finger of his right hand. He holds a handkerchief in his left hand. The man on the left wears black trousers a white shirt and printed turban.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Ternate.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:187 x 240 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from Djapára (Jepara, Java). They sit cross-legged face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera.The man on the right is dressed in a dark shirt with white buttons, patterned batik trousers and a mid-coloured turban. The bearded man at centre wears a pale-coloured shirt, trousers and turban with sandals. The man at left wears mid-coloured jacket with darker lapels and a patterned turban. He wears a ring on the little finger of his right hand.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Djapára (Java).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:104 x 137 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two pilgrims from Zanzibar. They sit face forward: the man on the right looking towards the camera; the man on the left looking downwards.The man on the right is dressed in a dark outer robe over a pale-coloured shirt and a patterned turban. He holds a long slender stick in his right hand. The man on the left wears a mid-coloured outer robe over a pale-coloured shirt and a printed turban.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places, in particular the original background has been substituted completely.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Zanzibar.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:97 x 135 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows seven men, described as pilgrims from the Sultanate of Sambas, in modern day Indonesia on the island of Borneo.Six of the men squat face forward, looking towards the camera. The man standing behind them, left of centre is described as the wakeel (representative) of the sheikh.From right to left the men wear: a white
thawband patterned turban; a white outer robe over a dark shirt, a ring on the little finger of his right hand, and a dark, patterned turban; a light-coloured outer robe over a button-up shirt, a patterned turban and rings on the little finger of each hand; a light-coloured button-up
thawb, and a mid-coloured turban; a dark coloured waistcoat with embroidered lapels, a white shirt, mid-coloured trousers, rings on the little finger of each hand and a light-coloured turban; white
thawb, mid-coloured trousers and dark-coloured turban. The standing man wears a white outer robe over a dark-coloured, striped waistcoast and a white
thawbwith a light-coloured turban.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Sambas (Borneo) hinter den Pilgern steht der Wakil (Bevollmächtigte) des Schēchs.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:187 x 240 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXVIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two men, described as [Muslim] pilgrims from Sukapura, an area in modern-day East Java.The man on the right wears a checked jacket over a checked sarong, which may be a form of
teluk beskap. He wears a stripe-printed turban on his head, sandals on his feet and across his body is a dark-coloured strap. The man on the left also wears a shirt-jacket and sarong of pale-colour, which may be a
teluk beskap, as well as a pale-coloured turban on his head.The negative has had hand-work applied, particularly about the feet.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Sukapura (Java).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:138 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This portrait shows two [Muslim] pilgrims from Solok, a city in West Sumatra. Both men squat face-foward, looking towards the camera.The man on the right wears a patterned-turban and pale-coloured shirt, open at the neck as well as sandals on his feet. He holds a piece of paper in his left hand. Similarly, the man on left wears a dark-coloured hat, a shirt and sarong or trousers, leather shoes and a ring on his right little finger. He also holdsa piece of paper in his left hand.The two men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Solok (Sumátra).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:138 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from Sumbawa (an Indonesian island in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain). They squat face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera.The man on the right is dressed in a pale-coloured thawb with a dark-coloured scarf over his left shoulder and a printed turban on his head. He wears a ring on the little finger of each hand. The man at centre wears a mid-coloured robe with a striped scarf over his left shoulder and a white turban on his head. The man on the left wears a white thawb and a patterned headdress with a ring on the little finger of his right hand.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Sumbáwa.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:98 x 136 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows six pilgrims from Selajar (commonly: Saleyer) in Indonesia. They squat face forward, looking towards the camera.The man on the far right wears a striped robe, open at the neck and turban. He holds a long, straight stick upright in his left hand and a ring on the little finger of his right hand. The man second from right wears a white shirt and checked sarong with a dark-coloured turban. The man third from right wears a white shirt and trousers embroidered at the hems with a white turban. The man third from left wears a white
jelabiyaover checked trousers and a white turban. He wears a ring on the little finger of his right hand. The man second from left wears a dark-coloured jacket embroidered at the lapels and white trousers with a printed turban. He also has a rig on the ring finger of his right hand. The man at far left wears a mid-coloured
jelabiyaand a large white turban.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, except for the ground on which their chairs stand.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Selahar (vulgo Saleyar).'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:196 x 250 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXVI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows five pilgrims from Korintji (Koerintji) in Indonesia and a sixth man described as a sheikh who comes from Korintji. They sit or squat face forward, looking towards the camera.From right to left the men wear: a white
thawband white skull cap; a pale-coloured shirt, checked trousers and white turban; white
thawband turban; dark jacket, white button-up shirt, checked turban and a ring on the little finger of his right hand; white
thawb, turban and a ring on the little finger of his right hand; white shirt under a striped waistcoat, white trousers, hat and a ring on the little finger of his right hand. All five men at the front hold pieces of paper in their hands while the man second from right holds a cloth in this left hand.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Korintji (Sumátra); der hinter ihnen sitzende Schēch stammt auch aus Korintji.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:187 x 246 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows ten men, described as pilgrims from Martapura, South Kalimantan, in Indonesia on the island of Borneo. The men squat face forward, looking towards the camera.From right to left the men wear: a white
thawb, patterned shawl and turban; a white
thawband a patterned turban; a dark jacket over a white
thawb, patterned turban a ring on the little finger of his right hand; a dark jacket and patterned turban; a patterned turban, dark jacket and checked sarong; a patterned turban and white shirt; a dark jacket over a white
thawband patterned turban; a white
thawband patterned turban; a polka-dot shirt and dark turban; a dark jacket over a mid-coloured
thawband turban. The man at centre holds two scrolls in his hands while the man third from left holds some form of handkerchief in his hands.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Temporal Context:The photograph was taken between September and December 1884, according to Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 20. This attribution is based on unpublished diaries and correspondence in the Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Archive, University of Leiden Library.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIXPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Pilger aus Martapura (Süd-Borneo).'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:192 x 251 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows three pilgrims from Pasuruan and Malang in eastern Java. They face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera, except for the man on the left, who faces slightly to his left and sits on a folding metal chair.The man on the right is dressed in a pale shirt and batik sarong with a patterned turban and sandals. He holds a piece of paper in his left hand. The man at centre wears a mid-coloured double-breasted shirt buttoned to a high collar as well as a pale cloth about his legs over a checked sarong. On his head he wears a white close-fitting cap and a pale, fringed scarf over his left shoulder and sandals. The man on the left wears a batik sarong, a mid-coloured shirt and shawl, a pale-coloured turban and sandals.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Malang and Pasurúan (Java).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:104 x 137 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two men and a boy, described as pilgrims from Mandar (latterly Polewali Mandar, western Sulawesi, an island formerly known as Celebes). They squat face forward on the ground, looking towards the camera.The man on the right is dressed in a dark-coloured jacket and pale robe. He has a printed turban on his head and holds several sheets of paper in his hands. The older man at centre wears a dark-coloured sleeveless jacket, pale-coloured robe and a white turban. The boy on the left wears a pale-coloured hat, shirt and trousers as well as a ring on his right index finger.The three men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage visible in the.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Mandar (Celébes).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:97 x 135 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows thirteen pilgrims from Mandaïling, Indonesia. They squat face forward, looking towards the camera.All the men wear white or patterned turbans, except for the man at far right who wears a skull cap. They also all wear white shirts,
thawbsor dark jackets, trousers and sandals. Two of the men (third and sixth from left) wear checked or patterned shawls. All eight men whose hands are visible hold piece of folded paper or scrolls.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXXVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Mandaïling (Sumátra).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:179 x 250 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXXV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows two pilgrims from Moko-moko (Mukomuko, a regency in Bengkulu province, Indonesia) and nearby Indrapura (in West Sumatra, Indonesia) respectively.The man on the right wears a white outer robe over a button-up shirt or
thawb, a white turban on his head and sandals. The man on the left wears a dark-coloured outer robe over a pale-coloured shirt or
thawb, a striped turban and sandals.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, except for the ground on which their chairs stand.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Pilger aus Moko-moko und Indrapura. (West-Sumátra.) 'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:137 x 103 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows two men, described as 'begging pilgrims' from Yemen.The man on the left wears a white
thawb, turban and sandals. The man on the left wears a dark-coloured thawb and light-coloured turban. A white cloth hangs from his waist and a ring is visible on the little finger of his right hand. Both men hold frame drums (mazhar or tar) before their chests, which show the finger marks where they are struck.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Bettelnde Pilger aus Jèmèn.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:139 x 98 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows two figures, one seated with an infant on his lap and one standing, described as a servant and a eunuch with the child of their master. They all face forward, looking towards the camera.The standing man wears a white
thawbor shirt held at the waist with a patterned sash and a patterned turban on his head. The seated man, or eunuch, wears a dark-coloured outer robe with embroidered lapels over a white
thawband a patterned turban. On the little finger of his right hand he wears a ring. The infant wears white trousers and shirt as well as a white hat or bonnet and white slippers.The men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Lohndiener und Eunuch mit dem Kinde seines Herrn.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:137 x 95 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows two men, described as dervishes from Bukhara (Uzbekistan).The man on the right wears a light-coloured tunic held together at the waist by a large fur-edged belt. In his left hand he carries a percussion instrument and in the crook of the same arm what appears to be a woven mat. On his head he wears a fur-edged, peaked hat, made of likely woven cloth.The bearded man on the left wears a ragged patchwork coat, a bag at his right side (the strap crosses across his chest), a dark-coloured bead necklace, a fur-lined hat and a gourd at his left side. In his right hand he holds a long straight wooden instrument, perhaps percussive, and in his left a further percussion instrument.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely. In addition, the men’s feet have been cut out of the frame.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Derwische aus Buchara.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:137 x 97 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait, facing forward and looking towards the camera, shows a bearded man, described simply as 'a Meccan'.The man is seated on an upholstered seat with bolster cushions on either side of him. These are covered in a patterned fabric featuring roses, pomegranates and other botanical motifs. See also 1781.b.6/23The man wears a dark-coloured outer robe, star-patterned jalabiya underneath it and a white turban with a dark-coloured cap. On both hands he wears rings and ornately-buckled shoes.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background appears to have been substituted, aside from the carpet on which the man is seated.1 collotype printDimensions:127 x 90 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length length standing portrait shows a member of the Banī Shaybah, a gatekeeper of the Caaba.The title notes that descendents of the Shaybah family have held this office since pre-Islamic times.The man stands facing forward and wears a pale-coloured turban and dark outer robe over a quilted or embroidered robe.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely and patterns in the carpet as well as the man’s pale robe have been re-inscribed in the negative.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:IXPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Thorhüter der Ka’bah (aus der Schēbah-Familie, die seit vorislamischer Zeit dies Amt innehat).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:246 x 183 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘IX’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait of a bearded man shows a sayyid in Mecca.The man is seated on an upholstered seat with bolster cushions on either side of him. These are covered in a patterned fabric featuring roses, pomegranates and other botanical motifs. See also 1781.b.6/24The man wears an outer robe and white turban with a dark-coloured cap.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the background appears to have been substituted, aside from the carpet on which the man is seated.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Sèjjid in Mekka.'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:131 x 91 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a bearded man at Mecca is described in the title as a ‘distinguished sayyid’. The man stands to his right but looks towards the camera. In his left hand he holds the ornate hilt of a sheathed scimitar.He wears a plain, dark-coloured double-breasted outer robe across which a plaited sword strap is draped. He wears a janbiya at his waist and white keffiyeh held in place by a dark-coloured agal.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. The original background has been substituted completely, except for the carpet on which the sitter’s chair is placed.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a bearded man described as a ‘distinguished sayyid’ was taken in Mecca. The man faces to his right but looks towards the camera. In his left hand he holds the hilt of a sheathed scimitar.He wears a plain, dark-coloured outer robe with richly embroidered lapels and an honorific stelliform badge at his neck, as well as a white turban with a dark-coloured cap.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. The original background has been substituted completely, except for the carpet on which the sitter’s chair is placed.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Vornehmer Sèjjid in Mekka’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait shows four men, described as the sheikh of the ‘boat people’ in Jeddah with three fellow guild members.The man on the far right wears a white
thawbunder an embroidered or printed waistcoat, a striped turban and sandals. He wears a ring on the little finger of his right hand. The man at right of centre wears almost identical clothes, aside from a pale-coloured and printed turban. The older man, left of centre wears white trousers and a white jacket over an embroidered or printed waistcoat and white shirt, sandals, a white turban and what may be a bracelet on his right wrist. The man at far left wears almost identical clothes as the two men on the left, aside from his dark-coloured sasha t the waist, white turban and bare feet.The four men are photographed in a courtyard-like space with foliage and a wooden window or set of doors visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Schēch der Bootsleute in Djiddah mit drei Zunftgenossen.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:102 x 151 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This three-quarter length seated portrait shows a bearded man, described as the leading sheikh for Malay pilgrims. He faces right and looks up above the camera.The man wears a dark-coloured outer robe over a shirt or thawb and a white turban on his head. On his left ring finger he wears a ring.In the lower right corner of the scene an out of focus plant can be seen.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely, except for the carpet on which his chair stands. In addition, the men’s feet have been cut out of the frame.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Schēch für malaiische Pilger'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:126 x 95 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIII’
Sifat Jazīrat al- ʿArab / li-Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn Yaʿqūb in Yūsuf ibn Dāwūd al-Hamdānī. صفة جزيرة العرب / لأبي محمد الحسن بن أحمد بن يعقوب بن داود الهمدانيBy Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad al-Hamdānī / الحسن بن أحمد همدانيPublication details: Leiden: E.J Brill / ليدن : بريلVariant Title: Al-Hamdânî's Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel Variant Title: Geographie der Arabischen HalbinselTitle on added t.p.: Al-Hamdânî's Geographie der arabischen Halbinsel nach den Handschriften von Berlin, Constantinopel, London, Paris und Strassburg . herausgegeben von David Heinrich Müller. Partially vocalized.Bibliography note: Includes bibliographical references and indexes.1 volume (279 pages)Dimensions: 235mm x 150mm
Imprint:Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1889Genre/Subject Matter:The volume contains seventeen landscape and urban scenes depicting the city of Mecca, in particular, the Masjid al-Haram, and, outside of Mecca, the grave of Maimoonah (the last wife the prophet Mohammed married), Mina and Mount Arafat. A number of these scenes are panoramic series, though they are mounted separately within the volume.Although the volume was published by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje in 1889, it is likely that the photographs were taken by al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Ghaffār, a doctor based in Mecca who became Hurgronje’s assistant during the six months that he was based in Mecca. The attribution has been researched by Claude Sui in ‘Travel to the Holy Land and photography in the nineteenth century’, in:
To the Holy Lands: Pilgrimage centres from Mecca and Medina to Jerusalem(Mannheim: Reiss-Engelhorn Museum, 2008), pp 56-63.Arabic script, written onto many of the negatives, has been erased subtly, but is visible upon close inspection in the prints (with the exception of image 6, 9b, 18a and 18b, respectively X463/6, X463/10, X463/19, X463/20).A short text written by Snouck Hurgronje introduces the volume and is dated March 1889. A list of plates follows this text and precedes the plates themselves.Elements:1 Ansicht der Moschee, während darin ein gemeinschaftliches Çalāt abgehalten wird (vergl. hierzu Mekka, Bd. II, S. 88).2 Erste Ansicht der Stadt Mekka: links im Hintergrund die Festung Djijād. Das grosse Gebäude rechts ist ied [
sicfor ‘die’] H̱amīdijjah, links daneben die Druckerei.3 Zweite Ansicht der Stadt Mekka über die nordwestliche (rechts) und die südwestliche Seite (links) der Moschee hinaus.4 Dritte Ansicht der Stadt Mekka: links die nördliche Ecke der Moschee; ein wenig südostlich von derselben das Bāb ès-salām, durch welches die Pilger in die Moschee eintreten.5 Vierte Ansicht der Stadt Mekka.6 Die (vor wenigen Jahren errichtete) Druckerei in Mekka.7 Das Grab der Sittanā Mèjmūnah und Lager dorthin gepilgerter Mekkaner (vergl. für die Beschreibung des Festes der Sittanā Mèjmūnah Mekka, Bd. II, S. 52ff.).8 Zweite Ansicht des Lagers der Mèjmūnahpilger.9 A. Dritte Ansicht desselben; im Hintergrund windet sich der Weg nach Mekka.9 B. Das Grab der Mèjmūnah und die nächste Umgebung.10 Westlicher Theil des sich von Westen nach Osten erstreckenden Thales Muna (Mina) während der grossen jährlichen Pilgerversammlung.11 Oestlicher Theil des Thales Muna.12 Die zwischen Muna und ‘Arafah gelegene Pilgerstation Muzdal’fah.13 Der Berg ‘Arafah während der jährlichen Pilgerversammlung (von Süden aus gesehen).14 Oestliche Seite des Berges ‘Arafah.15 Westliche Seite des Berges ‘Arafah.16 Pilgerlager in der Ebene östlich vom ‘Arafah-berge.17 Das Reitkameel (Hèdjīn) des Scherīf Jaẖja, eines Sohnes des Scherīf Aẖmed, dessen Vater der berühmte 1886 verstorbene Grossscherīf Abd èl-Muṯṯálib (vergl. über diesen letzten König Mekka’s vom alten Schlage Mekka, Bd. I, S. 16ff., 174ff.), mit einer reich mit Silber gestickten Satteldecke (batāt). Den Zaum hält der Sklave Jaẖja’s; neben diesem steht Jaẖja selbst im Reiteranzug und links in langen Kleidern zwei Scherife niedrigen Ranges.18 A und B. Zwei verschiedene Aufnahmen der Rīkah, des Thronsessels, auf welchen man in Mekka die jungfräuliche Braut in der Duchlah-nacht zu erheben pflegt (vergl. Mekka, Bd. II, S. 167ff.). Auf B sitzt der Bräutigam dort, wo die Braut sitzen soll.Inscriptions:Inside front cover, in pencil: ‘305’ (crossed out); ‘30/9/14’ (crossed out); ‘W2982’ (former India Office Library reference, crossed out)Inside front cover, in pen: ‘X463’First additional folio, recto, in pencil: ‘21’First additional folio, recto, in pen: ‘Presented Dec. 30. 1889.’; ‘Bilder aus Mekka’First folio, recto, pencil: ‘W2982’ (crossed out)First folio, recto, ink stamp: ‘India Office Library’First folio, verso, ink stamp and pen: ‘X463 22/2/72’Last folio, verso, ink stamp: ‘India Office Library’Last folio, verso, in pencil: ‘69’Temporal Context:The images were likely taken between 1886, when Hurgronje left Mecca, and 1889, when this volume was published.According to Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885(Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, pp. 42-51), the photographs in this publication that pertain to the hadj likely date to August 1888 since this was the period of the last hadj before February 1889, the date Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje received the final consignment of images.1 half leather, published volume (c. 21 pages), illustrated with 20 collotype printsDimensions:Book: 365 x 300 x 15 mmFormat:Red and tan half leather published volume containing 20 collotype prints, pasted down.Materials:Paper, heavy weight and satin standard weight, collotype prints and ink.Condition:While binding is still sturdy, extensive scuffing and surface losses are evident, particularly on the spine and all four corners. Surface dirt throughout volume. The prints show signs of light scuffing and scratching with no major surface losses evident.Foliation:The prints are numbered as plates: I-XVIIIb.Process:CollotypeBinding:The sown spine is heavily scuffed with major surface losses. Gold lines demarcate wider bands in black-painted and tan leather. The words ‘Bilder aus Mekka’ ‘Hurgronje’ and ‘Secretary of State for India Library’ are imprinted in gold. White pigment pen at the base of the spine reads ‘X463’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a bearded man shows a Meccan doctor, likely the photographer al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ghaffār, who collaborated with the photographer Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.He wears a plain, dark-coloured outer robe over a white buttoned undershirt and white cummerbund, with a pale-coloured turban on his head. In his right hand the doctor grips the handle of a dark-coloured umbrella or parasol. On his feet he wears knotted leather sandals.The negative does not appear to have had hand-work applied, except for the background, which may have been substituted.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Mekkanischer Arzt.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:132 x 972 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This two-colour printed drawing shows a troupe of twelve seated and standing men, several holding musical instruments. They are described as ‘negro slaves’ and are part of the ‘tumburah orchestra’.The word ‘tumburah’ (also: Tanbūr, Tanbura, Tambura or Tanboor) refers to the six-stringed harp-like musical instrument held by the man seated at centre. The instrument is adorned with two fans of feathers and is apparently plucked with the fingers.Four other men sit or crouch, holding various drums between their knees. To the right of the man at centre a man stands, wearing a form of girdle, which is perhaps decorated with sheep’s hooves as described in the 1931 translation of Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje’s
Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century: Daily Life, Customs and Learning(pp. 11–12).Although the drawing may have been taken from a photograph, the illustrator has portrayed the faces of the men in a way that makes evident certain nineteenth century racial preconceptions and ideologies.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Negersklaven mit dem Ṯúmburah-orchester.’1 printDimensions:214 x 264 mmFormat:1 printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This street view depicts the arrival at Mecca of the Egyptian ‘mahmal’ – an embroidered silk-covered structure mounted on a camel – followed by a caravan of pilgrims. Originally designed to contain the Egyptian-made kiswa, the cloth that covers the Caaba, this mahmal would likely have been empty.Othman Pascha is depicted at the centre foreground of the image, wearing ceremonial robes, featuring a mirrored paisley (boteh) pattern as well as a sash and carrying a sword.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:VPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Othman Pascha mit dem egyptischen Maẖmal.’1 print of a drawingDimensions:187 x 230 mmFormat:1 print of a drawingCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘V’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length length standing portrait, shows Othman Pascha, Governor General of the Hejaz (1882–86).Othman Pascha faces left, standing upon a richly patterned carpet. He wears a dark-coloured fez and ceremonial robes, featuring a mirrored paisley (
boteh) pattern at the lower hem and each sleeve, as well as a sash. His left hand grips the pommel of a sword which is held against his body by a sword strap of plaited material.Three circular badges are suspended from a bar on the left of his robe. Below these a more elaborate stelliform badge is also worn.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely.Temporal Context:The photograph was taken between 11 June 1885 and 19 September 1885, according to Durkje van der Wal in his publication
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: The First Western Photographer in Mecca, 1884-1885, Amsterdam : Manfred & Hanna Heiting Fund, Rijksmuseum, 2011, p. 27. This attribution is based on unpublished correspondence in the Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Archive, University of Leiden Library.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:VIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Othman Pascha, Generalgouverneur des H̱idjāz (1882–86).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:248 x 184 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition with some minor surface scratching and bowing.Foliation:‘VIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait shows Ali Rèjjis, described as a member of the dynasty of most senior muezzinīn (public criers who proclaim the hours of prayer from a minaret or roof of a mosque), supposed descendants of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, the first Muslim born at Medina after the hijra. He faces forward, looking towards the photographer.The man wears a dark-coloured outer robe over a check-patterned robe (see also 1781.b.6/27) and white turban on his head. On the little finger of his right hand he wears a ring and on his feet, polished leather shoes.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the original background has been substituted completely.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVPrinted beneath image, in ink:Ali Rèjjis (aus einem Geschlechte von Obersten der Mu’èddinin, welches von Abdallah ibn Zubair herstammen soll).A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:128 x 90 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This three-quarter length standing portrait, shows ‘Aun al-Rafīq Pasha who was the Grand Sharīf of Mecca 1882–1905. He faces right.He wears a turban and ceremonial robe embroidered richly with flower and foliage motifs as well as a sash held together at the waist.There are six elaborate stelliform and circular badges on the centre and the left of his robe.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing the image to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality. In particular the original background has been substituted while the lower right corner appears to have been etched in the negative.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:VIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Aun èr-Rafīq, Grossscherif von Mekka (1882– ).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:235 x 176 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition though several long scratches extending from the lower right edge to the upper centre are evident.Foliation:‘VII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This dark-coloured print reproduces a section of the patterns inscribed on the kiswa, the black brocade cloth that covers the Caaba.Lighter lined areas delineated the decorative script and surrounding zigzag patterns. Within the zigzagged middle section of the piece the words of the shahāda are written – ‘lā ‘ilāha illā-llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh’ – the Muslim profession of faith.The word ‘Allah’ is twice repeated in the chevron-shaped below this.The title indicates that this reproduction is a quarter of the size of the original.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Ein Stück der Kiswah (der brokanten Bekleidung der Ka’bah). ¼ der Originalgrösse.’1 printDimensions:169 x 227 mmFormat:1 printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XVII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a bearded man shows a scribe of the Grand Sharīf, who indicates his profession by posing with a piece of paper in his left hand while dipping his pen in inkwith his right.He wears a plain, dark-coloured outer robe fastened at his waist with a pale-coloured turban on his head. To his right a three-legged, octagonal table carries a rectangular tray of pots. The surface of the table may be inlaid.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the man’s feet have been over-drawn due to overexposure at the lower edge of the photograph.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Kātib (Schreiber) des Grossscherifs'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 97 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This three-quarter length seated portrait shows a bearded man, described as the leading sheikh for Malay pilgrims. He sits face forward, looking towards the camera.The man wears a mid-coloured outer robe over a striped shirt or
thawband a white turban on his head.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places. In particular the original background has been substituted completely. In addition, the men’s lower calves and feet have been cut out of the frame.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Haupt der Schēche für malaiische Pilger.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower left corner.1 collotype printDimensions:126 x 94 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full length seated portrait shows a muezzin, a public crier who proclaims the hours of prayer from a minaret or roof of a mosque. He faces to his right and looks forward.The man wears a dark-coloured outer robe over a patterned robe identical to that worn by Ali Rèjjis in 1781.b.6/26 as well as a white turban with a dark-coloured cap, a ring on the little finger of his right hand and polished leather shoes.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. In particular, the area around the man’s feet and lower robes has been entirely reinscribed.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XVPrinted beneath image, in ink:'Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:128 x 90 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length seated portrait of a bearded man shows a muezzin, a public crier who proclaims the hours of prayer from a minaret or roof of a mosque. The man faces forward and looks towards the camera. In his right hand he holds the handle of a pale-coloured umbrella or parasol.He wears a plain, dark-coloured outer robe over a white buttoned undershirt or jalabiya, with a pale-coloured turban on his head.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Mu’èddin (Aufrufer zum Gottesdienste)’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 96 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XIII’
Genre/Subject Matter:This street view depicts the main guardhouse or police station in Mecca, described as being newly built by Othman Pascha. The two-storey building features the Ottoman star and crescent symbols on the cornice and what appears to be a royal toughra at the centre of the pediment. Ottoman soldiers, wearing fezzes stand guard in front.Several figures appear in small groups on the street in the foreground along with three donkeys and one horse. Although it is not obvious, the title mentions that ‘al Ṣafā’, one of the two hills or mounds at Mecca between which pilgrims run during the hadj or umra in commemoration of Hagar’s search for water to feed her son. The proximity of al Ṣafā to the guardhouse indicates that this scene was close to the Masjid al-Haram.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:VIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Die von Othman Pascha erbaute Hauptwache (links im Hintergrund èç Çafa).’1 print of a drawingDimensions:166 x 236 mmFormat:1 print of a drawingCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘VI’
Genre/Subject Matter:This half-length standing portrait shows Muhammad Abd-èl-‘Azīz, the son of the Grand Scharīf. The young boy faces to his left and clutches the hilt of a sword or dagger at his waist.He wears a loose-fitting robe with a thin sash across his right shoulder and a fez on his head.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded quality in places. The original background has been substituted completely.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XIIPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Muhammed Abd èl-Azīz, Sohn des reg. Grossscherifs.’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:130 x 94 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XII’
Tagbuch einer Reise in Inner-Arabien. Erster Theilby Julius Euting.Publication Details: Leiden, E J Brill.Physical Description: initial Roman numeral pagination (i-viii); 8º.1 volume (240 pages)This volume contains a German alphabetical index giving page references on page 241 and an Arabic alphabetical index giving page references on page 249.Dimensions: 257mm x 168mm
Tagbuch einer Reise in Inner-Arabien. Zweiter Theilby Julius Euting.Publication Details: Leiden, E J Brill.Physical Description: initial Roman numeral pagination (i-xiii); 8º.1 volume (284 pages)This volume contains a German alphabetical index giving page references on page 285 and an Arabic alphabetical index giving page references on page 299.Dimensions: 257mm x 168mm
Correspondence, chiefly received from but also sent to, the Director of Customs in Bahrain (Claud Cranbrook Lewis DeGrenier). The majority of the correspondence is official, and relates to miscellaneous trade and customs matters in Bahrain. Aside from general correspondence, memoranda and notices (for example, announcing trade regulations, customs house opening hours), other correspondence in the file includes:a letter from the French pearl merchant David Bienenfeld, dated 1928, requesting permission to bring a wireless radio into Bahrain (ff 7-8);a letter and statement on rice imports into Bahrain for the period May 1927 to May 1928 (ff 15-16);correspondence dated 1929, with a copy of an invoice in German, relating to the import into Bahrain of matches from the Berlin branch of the Handelsvertretung der Udssr in Deutschland (Mercantile Department of the Soviet Government in Germany, ff 23-27);statistical tables detailing the numbers and total tonnage of steamers entering and leaving the port of Bahrain for the years 1928 and 1929 (ff 37-39);a summary of the numbers of packages landed at various Persian Gulf ports for the months August to November 1931 (f 52) and November 1931 to January 1932 (f 61);correspondence dated 1932 relating to changes to the system for
khanchia(a customs tax collected on imports), including a petition signed by many of Bahrain’s merchants, objecting to these changes (ff 54-56, f 63);details of the British India Steam Navigation Company’s ‘engagements’ at various ports in the Persian Gulf for the months February to June 1932 (expressed in numbers of packages discharged, ff 65-69, f 74);a 1932 letter (in Arabic with English translation) from prominent Njdy [Nejdi] merchants in Bahrain, requesting a definition of the territorial limits of Bahrain Port (ff 70-72).1 file (76 folios)The file’s contents are arranged in approximate chronological order, from the earliest item at the front to the latest at the end.Foliation: The foliation sequence commences at the front cover with 1 and terminates at the inside back cover with 80; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is also present in parallel between ff 4-78; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
The file contains correspondence between British officials regarding employees of the American Mission Hospital in Bahrain.The topics discussed include the appointment of Dr W H Storm to a position in Bahrain, visits made by Dr L P Dame to treat patients in Dubai and Sharjah (including a letter in Arabic from the ruler of Sharjah) and details regarding a number of possible candidates for employment as doctors at the hospital including their curricula vitae and references (some of which are in German).The file also contains correspondence related to the activities of a female American missionary and doctor based in Kalba (on the Trucial coast) named S L Hosmon. This correspondence concerns her activities to date and her desire to bring more missionaries to the region to work with her.1 file (131 folios)The papers are arranged in approximate chronological order from the front to the rear of the file.Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 131; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-108; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled, and are located in the same position as the main sequence.
The file contains numerous courtesy letters expressing friendship, congratulations and thanks, which are exchanged mainly between the Political Agent, Bahrain and the Shaikhs of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. The majority of courtesy letters received by the Political Agent, Bahrain are from the Dubai shaikhs, particularly from Shaikh Mani bin Rashid Maktum [Āl Maktūm, Shaikh Mana bin Rashid] who is the cousin of the Ruler Shaikh Sai’d bin Maktum [Āl Maktūm, Shaikh Saʻīd bin Maktūm bin Hasher]. Several of the letters from Shaikh Mani bin Rashid Maktum contain complaints against Sayid Abdul Razaq the Residency Agent at Sharjah.The file also contains a small amount of claims correspondence relating mainly to debt repayment. This correspondence includes petitions received from local merchants and other inhabitants of Bahrain, Dubai and Sharjah, as well as letters from the Residency Agent, Sharjah to the Political Agent, Bahrain reporting his investigations into some of the claims made and any settlements reached. The majority of letters are in Arabic and are also translated into English. Included in the file are two merchant letters in Persian and a short extract from a German ornithological report in 1937, together with an English translation, about white storks.Finally, there is a small amount of correspondence in 1937 between the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf and the Government of India regarding legal opinion on the service of summonses in the Trucial Coast shaikhdoms.1 file (202 folios)The papers are arranged in approximate chronological order from the front to the rear of the file.Foliation: the main foliation sequence (used for referencing) commences at the front cover with 1, and terminates at the inside back cover with 204; these numbers are written in pencil, are circled, and are located in the top right corner of the recto side of each folio. An additional foliation sequence is present in parallel between ff 2-157; these numbers are also written in pencil, but are not circled.
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length portrait shows a bearded man, described as a ‘crier and broker (Djiddah [Jeddah])’. He stands face forward, looking toward the camera, his mouth open as if in the act of calling out.In his left hand the man holds one end of a long narrow cane. He wears a ring on the little finger of his left hand. In his right hand he carries an unidentifiable fist-sized object and from his left arm hang various items on cords as well as a chain of flat square shapes.The man wears a dark-coloured, hooded outer robe over a white
thawb, white trousers, a white turban and sandals. The straps of what may be a small bag are slung over his left shoulder.The man is photographed in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage and a window, fronted by bars, visible in the background.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXIVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Süssigkeitskrämer (Djiddah).’A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:144 x 99 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXIV’
Genre/Subject Matter:This full-length staged scene depicts two women in their very different public and private attire, as well as hinting at the latter's indoor activity.The woman on the right reclines on a series of stacked embroidered cushions, holding the mouthpiece of a hookah in her left hand. She wears striped trousers with embroidered hems under a
jalabiya, pulled up at the elbows. On her head she wears a striped turban; her hair is plaited. She wears a necklace of beads and filigree, a bracelet on each wrist, an armlet of beads as well as an anklet on her right ankle and rings on each of her little fingers.The woman on the left wears hijab in the form of a dark-coloured cloak, striped with white around a white headdress that covers the face and head, except for the eyes. The part of the headdress covering the woman’s forehead is made of a strip of printed or embroidered material.The scene is staged on a carpet, albeit in a courtyard-like space with plants – some in wide wooden pots – foliage, including ivy, and two windows visible in the background.The negative has had hand-work applied, causing it to take on a soft-shaded paint-like quality in places.Inscriptions:Printed above image, in ink:XXVPrinted beneath image, in ink:‘Mekkanerin im Brautanzug.'A circular 'British Museum' blind stamp is located in the lower right corner.1 collotype printDimensions:137 x 97 mmFormat:1 collotype printCondition:The print is in good condition.Foliation:‘XXV’
Baḥrein und Jemâma nach arabischen Geographen beschrieben. Mit einer Karte.Publication Details: Göttingen : In der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, 1874.Notes: 'Aus dem neunzehnten Bande der Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen'.Physical Description: 50p., [1]leaf of plates : map ; 27cm.1 volume (50 pages)Dimensions: 270mm x 215mm
Distinctive Features:Title continues: ‘von einem Zögling der türkischen Ingenieurschule in Assuan in Romfode, in Handschrift mitgetheilt durch Prof. Ehrenberg zur Erläuterung der Erdkunde von Arabien. Band XII der Allg. E. p. 1027 u. f.’Relief shown by hachures.Includes inset with illustrations of rock inscriptions found on the coast of Hedjas with references to C. Ritter's ‘Erdkunde’.1 map sheetDimensions:420 x 475 mm, on sheet 600 x 690 mm